Spiritual Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Spiritual Needs - Essay Example Questionnaire has been developed as the tool for assessment; ten questions had been formulated in order to explore her spiritual need, to which she made sufficient and sensible answers. After the research process, her needs were defined and determined, in order to provide her with the best possible environment for her convalescence. Spiritual need assessment in nursing profession refers to the estimation of the religious and spiritual requirements of the according to the faith followed by the patient(s) under treatment, in order to provide them with spiritual relief and comforts along with counseling, medicines, therapy and other necessary healthcare essential for their convalescence and recovery from mental or physical illness. Cobb & Robshaw (1998: 7) are of the view that spiritual and emotional collapse look for spiritual care, so that the patients may choose to discuss their concerns provided they have been shown proper attention, respect and appreciation. Spiritual assessment to ol is not confined to the followers of one particular religious faith; on the contrary, the same could be applied to the individuals adhering to any belief system. The researches reveal that exploration of spiritual distress and anxiety the reason behind it could turn out to be supportive health care providers in understanding the problem of the patient. In addition, it can also become productive for ensuring the smooth progress of personal and spiritual growth essential in respect of paving the way towards the better care of the patient by the healthcare providers (Burkhardt & Nagai-Jacobson, 2002: 22). Consequently, spiritual need assessment provides a superior methodology for the elimination of emotional distress and emotional collapse from the mind of the patient. While elaborating the case under-analysis, the patient was admitted at the healthcare center because of her emotional trauma and her chronic asthma complaint. In the beginning, the patient remained reserved and silent, and did not share anything with the staff. Somehow, after nearly seven hours of her admittance, she looked quite moved because of the extreme compassion and care provided by the staff members. Since the patient appeared to be ready for sharing her life and faith she follows, it became quite easier for the staff to peep into her mind, and explore her personality. Thus, every thing, related to research went well, in the light of the questionnaire, developed for the same purpose, and there was no main hurdle in making assessment of her spiritual needs altogether. Actually I have already examined the flaws in the questionnaire while asking the answers of the questions from my family members in order to make it perfect. I would like to apply interview-schedule in future, as it is more comprehensive in understanding the motifs of the respondents with the help of gestures, body language, voice tone and face expressions. The patient’s non-compliance and fear of expressing her belief was the challenge for me during the research. Somehow, a friendly environment encouraged her to share her feelings with me. Since I am Protestant, so only lack of knowledge about only few things created hurdles for me, though my study of Catholic belief and interaction with my Catholic friends helped me out in development of research too. The patient informed me that she belonged to Catholic faith, and maintained deep love for and unflinching faith in Holy Jesus Christ. I came to know about the very fact that faith contained imperative significance for her, as it not only provided peace,

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example for Free

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Throughout the study of literature, it is believed that most works cannot be fully understood without a biographical strategy. In order to understand a work, the reader must understand the author’s life and experiences to grasp the full concept of that work. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Gilman uses symbolism, personification, and other literary tools to portray the way women were treated throughout this particular era. Gilman also uses a romanticism approach when writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. The narrator believes that the woman trapped in the wallpaper, symbolizes her and all the other women living in the male dominant society. Romanticism represents an art for arts sake. Born in 1860, Charlotte Perkins Gilman was forced into an era of male supremacy. Gilman was abandoned by her father from infancy and often left into the care of relatives including Harriet Beecher Stowe and feminist activists, Isabella Beecher Hooker and Catherine Beecher. Strong and influential women, struggling for their place in a male dominant world, shaped Gilman’s childhood. The women made Gilman an independent young lady, teaching her importance of exercise and philosophy, over that of clothes and jewelry. At the age of 24, Gilman married her first husband, Charles Walter Stetson. After having her daughter the next year, Gilman went into a deep depression. The noted neurologist, S. Weir Mitchell, examined her. He told her to follow his ‘rest cure’ of complete bed rest and limited intellectual activity. This meant no writing. Gilman realized that this ridiculous cure was actually driving her more insane, so she removed herself from Mitchells care. When her health got better during a trip to California she paired her emotional problems to her marriage and decided to leave her husband. In 1900, Gilman married for the second time to her cousin George Houghton Gilman. Gilman continued her feministic journey until discovering she was diagnosed with Breast Cancer. She left a final note that read, â€Å"When one is assured of unavoidable and imminent death, it is the simplest of human rights to choose a quick and easy death in place of a slow and horrible one. Charlotte Perkins Gilman took her life on August 17, 1935, in Pasadena, California, at the age of 75. Gilman’s main intent in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† is to portray the way women were viewed and treated during this time period. In the later 19th century, men were the superior race. Women oftentimes went from being born into a house with a father; to being married off to someone they weren’t exactly happy to be with, leaving no time for a woman to experience life without someone â€Å"in-charge† of them. Gilman did not want to be like other woman of this time, she redefined womanhood, proclaiming that men and women were to be equal. This ‘new woman’ was to be an intelligent, well-informed, and well-educated free thinker, the creator and expresser of her own ideas. She was to be economically self-sufficient, socially independent, and politically active. She would share the opportunities, duties, and responsibilities of the workplace with men, and together they would share the solitude of the hearth. Finally, the new woman was to be as informed, assertive, confident, and influential as she was compassionate, nurturing, loving, sensitivea woman of the world as well as of the home. Gilmans vision of an autonomous female challenged not only the traditional cult of true womanhood but the concepts and values of family, home, religion, community, capitalism, and democracy. † (De Simone) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† starts off with the main character, Jane, talking of a â€Å"colonial mansion,† that seems to be a place to vacation. Gilman gives detail of this set-back home that almost gives the reader an eerie feeling, which foreshadows events to come. When Jane starts to describe her husband, she gives the sense that he mocks her and he often laughs at her. This symbolization gives insight to her own life where she often felt mocked and taken for granted by men. As the story goes in deeper, Jane tells that she is going to the house because of the rest care she was prescribed, very similar to that of Gilman’s. When they get to the house, Jane enables the reader to see the room with the yellow wallpaper. The windows were barred and there were restraints on the bed and she tells of scratches on the walls and ceilings. Jane believes that this room could have been a nursery or a babysitting room, but this does not make sense because when Jane reaches out to scratch the walls, she can barely even touch. How could a young child have ever reached if Jane, a grown woman, could not? As time goes on, Jane gradually learns to enjoy the room she is staying in, except for the dreaded yellow wallpaper. After being in the room for so long and dwelling on the wallpaper, Jane discovers someone trapped behind it. Jane believes she is getting better in health, but secretly is becoming obsessed with the woman, or so she believes, behind the wallpaper. Throughout the story, Gilman uses the romanticism approach. Romanticism expresses sensibility and passion. A romantic writer incorporates symbols, myths and images in their writing to help tell the story. Jane recognizes herself as the women trapped in the wallpaper. She believes that it symbolizes her feeling trapped in the house and under the control of her husband. She uses the Gilman tells of the room with barred windows and restraints as if it were a normalcy. Reading more into the story, the reader can gather that Gilman was symbolizing this room as a woman in a man’s world. The windows are barred, showing that there is no escape from that way, as there is no escaping a man in the universe. The restraints symbolize that a man can hold a woman back, along with keeping her close so that she doesn’t wander off. The idea of the woman creeping behind the paper mirrors Jane creeping to write, while being told that it is not recommended for her treatment. Although the ideas may be far out, the story that Gilman tells reflects her own life in many ways. When Gilman introduces the woman behind the wallpaper, it’s almost as if she is introducing herself into the story. Jane possesses many qualities and characteristics that Gilman portrayed in her own life and when Jane sees the woman in the wallpaper, it’s just like Gilman’s conflict with her own mind. It symbolizes a woman’s want to break away from society and be her own person in this world that has a complete control over her. Whether it’s a father, husband, or even brother, this time period focused on male’s first. The woman was told what to do and how to act and there was no room left for questions or disobedience. â€Å"Life is very much more exciting now than it used to be. You see I have something more to expect, to look forward to, to watch. I really do eat better, and am more quiet than I was. John is so pleased to see me improve! He laughed a little the other day, and said I seemed to be flourishing in spite of my wall-paper. † (Gilman 165) This quote displays Jane’s new obsession with the wallpaper and the thought that she is truly getting better. The fact that she mentions John’s happiness with her health leads the reader to think that he is a caring man, but after understanding Gilman’s own life, makes the reader see him as the domineering husband that he is. ’Ive got out at last,’ said I, ‘in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back! ’ Now why should that man have fainted? But he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every time! † This last quote is one of the most meaningful parts of the entire short story. While saying this, Jane makes herself become the woman in the wallpaper. Not only is it just a thought anymore, but when she lashes at her husband by saying â€Å"you and Jane,† Jane loses her sense of identity and takes on the role of the woman behind the wallpaper. She tells him that he cannot put her back, symbolizing that Jane does no longer want to be restrained to the room, nor him. Even after he faints, he is still in Jane’s way, leaving her to creep around him still. â€Å"Even while considering herself a writer, and implying that she could have been a notable artist, throughout her life, Gilman qualified her artistic achievements by insisting that what she had done was ‘perfect of its kind, but not art'; that she was devoted to ‘literature and lecturing,’ but that her writing was ‘not, in the artistic sense, literature. (Heilmann) Gilman was an impeccable example of what happens when a woman’s potential is seen over. She led a successful life and her work has helped the female race raise awareness of their capability in life. Although Gilman lived a long time ago, her work then has given females today a better understanding of where they have been, but also where they are going.

Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) Literature

Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) Literature LITERATURE REVIEW Reema jaiswal, Pinak patel et al., (2013) developed and reported a new simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form using potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer (pH 4.0 adjusted with Ortho Phosphoric acid):Acetonitrile(70:30v/v) mobile phase, and C18 column ODS(100 mm x 4.6 mm,3.0ÃŽ ¼ particle size) as stationary phase with detection wavelength of 215 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 5-25 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for both the drugs. The % recoveries of the both the drugs were found to be 99.50 – 101.50 % and 99.00 101.06%respectively.The LOD were found to be 0.014ÃŽ ¼g/ml and 0.013ÃŽ ¼g/ml at 215 nm for QUI and HCTZ respectively. Methods were statistically validated for Accuracy, precision, specificity, LOQ, and robustness according to ICH guidelines and can be used for analysis of combined dosage form. Serkan ALTUNSOY, Burà §in BOZAL-PALABIYIK, Bengi USLU et al., (2013) developed and reported a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of quinapril (QNP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this method quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide and perindopril (internal standard) were separated using a reversed phase column (Hichrom C18; 250Ãâ€"4.6 mm i.d.; 10 ÃŽ ¼m) with acetonitrile: potassium dihydrogen phosphate (at pH 2.5; 0.067 M) (40:60 v/v) as a mobile phase using UV detector at 211 nm and flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The retention times for quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide and perindoprile were 4.391, 3.237 and 3.931 min, respectively. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-30 ÃŽ ¼g/mL for QNP and 1.25-18.75 ÃŽ ¼g/mL for HCZ. The proposed method has been fully validated and method is simple, rapid and suitable for quality control (QC) applications. Khan SA, Kulkarni SS, Biyani KR and Khan BA et al., (2013) developed and reported a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible method for simultaneous estimation of Quinapril and Hydrochlorthiazide by the Simultaneous equation method, using methanol as solvent. The two wavelengths 257 nm ÃŽ »max of Quinapril Hydrochloride (QNA-H) and 271 nm ÃŽ »max of Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were selected for the formation of Simultaneous equations. The two drugs follow Beer-Lambert’s law over the concentration range of 5- 30 ÃŽ ¼g/ml of QNA-H and 2.5 – 15 ÃŽ ¼g/ml of HCTZ. Recovery study was performed to confirm the accuracy of the method. The recovery of the Quinapril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide were found near to 100 %. The Results were found to satisfactory and reproducible. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. Reema Jaiswal, Pinak patel et al., (2013) developed and reported a new economical Derivative Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and the absorbance of the solutions were measured at 242.45 nm (ÃŽ »1), and 257.17 nm (ÃŽ »2) for the estimation of both the drugs. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 80-240 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for QUI and 10-50 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for HCTZ The mean recovery was 99.93 – 100.33 % and 99.06- 101.25% for QUI and HCTZ respectively. The results of analysis have been validated statistically as per ICH guidelines. Gandhimathi and Ravi et al., (2013) developed and reported an ion-pair HPLC method has been developed and validated for the estimation of quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide simultaneously in combined dosage form. The mobile phase used was a mixture of 0.1% v/v triethylamine (pH 3.5), containing 1M of hexane sulphonic acid: acetonitrile (30:70% v/v). The detection was carried out on photo diode array detector at 220 nm. The proposed method can be successfully used to determine the drug contents of marketed formulation. Girija B. Bhavar, V.A Chatpalliwar, D.D. Patil and S.J. Surana et al., (2008) developed and reported HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of Quinapril and Hydrochlorthiazide in pharmaceutical formulations. The drugs were separated on silica gel 60 F254 plates using suitable combination of solvents as mobile phase. The validation parameters, tested in accordance with the requirements of ICH guidelines, prove the suitability of methods. Mariusz Stolarczyk, Anna Maalanka, Anna Apola et al., (2013) developed spectrophotometric and chromatographic-densitometric methods for determination of losartan potassium, quinapril hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical preparations. The measurements were carried out at ÃŽ » = 224.0 nm for quinapril, ÃŽ » = 261.0 nm for hydrochlorothiazide and ÃŽ » = 270.0 nm for losartan when the derivative spectrophotometry was applied and ÃŽ » = 317.0 nm when zero order spectrophotometry was applied for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide. In chromatographic-densitometric studies high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates were used as stationary phase and a mixture of solvents n-butanol : acetic acid : water (15 : 5 : 1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Under the established conditions good resolution of examined constituents was obtained. Retardation factor for quinapril hydrochloride was Rf ~ 0.70, for losartan potassium Rf ~ 0.85 and for hydrochlorothiazide Rf ~ 0. 78. The developed methods are characterized by high sensitivity and accuracy. For quantitative analysis, densitometric measurements were carried out at ÃŽ » = 218.0 nm for quinapril, ÃŽ » = 275.0 nm for hydrochlorothiazide and ÃŽ » = 232.0 nm for losartan. Kunal Makwana, Reena V Dhamecha, Nilesh Pandya et al., (2011) developed a rugged and economic method for the estimation of quinapril and its metabolite in human serum by lcms/ms detection for clinical trials. Ramipril was used as internal standard for quantitation of Quinapril, and it metabolite from human serum. Linear regression with 1/X2 weighting was performed to determine the concentration of the drug from serum . A common solid phase extraction procedure for the isolation of drug and its metabolite was developed from serum samples. The samples were analyzed on API 3200 Triple quadrapole mass spectrometer using Chromolith, RPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18e column in atmospheric pressure electro spray ionization. The mobile phase composition was an isocratic mixture of 0.01% Ammonia in water: acetonitrile (30:70 %v/v). The method was validated over a linear range of 10 – 1000 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. Recoveries were observed above 70% for all the three analyt es. The storage stability of Quality control samples was investigated under various conditions Wagh, Hapse. S. A.; Kadaskar, V. S.; Dokhe, P. T.; Shirsath, A. S. et al., (2012) developed a method for the estimation of hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. This analytical method developed for the estimation of hydrochlorothiazide in bulk fluids showed maximum absorbance at ÃŽ »max of 272 nm in distilled water and in 0.01N NAOH between 200 nm and 400 nm of UV scan. The method developed was validated for accuracy, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation studies. The above analytical parameters indicated that the developed UV Spectrophotometric method of hydrochlorothiazide was simple, accurate and reproducible. Neela M Bhatia, Rituraj B Desai and Swapnil D Jadhav et al., (2012) reported a simple spectrophotometric method development for simultaneous estimation of Losartan Potassium (LOS) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in two component tablet formulation. The method employed is a first order derivative spectroscopy. The wavelengths used for detection were 257 nm for LOS and 243 nm for HCT. Linearity was observed in the range of 10-90 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for LOS and 2.5-22.5 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for HCT. The recovery studies confirmed accuracy of proposed method and low values of standard deviation confirmed precision of method. The method is validated as per ICH guidelines. R. K. Patel, J. B. Patel et al., (2011) developed accurate, precise and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of Nebivolol Hcl (NEB-H) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in bulk as well as in the pharmaceutical formulation. Calibration curves were linear in range of 10-80 ÃŽ ¼g/mL (r2=0.999) and 2-16 ÃŽ ¼g/mL (r2=0.998) at ÃŽ »max of 281 and 271nm for Nebivolol HCl and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. The method was validated statistically. Monika L. Jadhav, Manoj V. Girase, Shripad K. Tidme et al., (2014) developed two UV spectrophotometric methods and validated for simultaneous estimation of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in a tablet dosage form. The first method employed solving of simultaneous equations based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths, 249.4 nm and 272.6 nm, à °Ã‚ Ã…“† max for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The second method was absorbance ratio method, which involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at 258.4nm (isoabsorptive point) and also at 272.6nm (à °Ã‚ Ã…“† max of hydrochlorothiazide). The methods were found to be linear between the range of 5–30 à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡g/ml for valsartan and 4–24 à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡g/ml for hydrochlorothiazide using 0.1N NaOH as solvent. The mean percentage recovery was found to be 100.20% and 100.19% for the simultaneous equation method and 98.56% and 97.96% for the absorbance ratio method, for va lsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively, at three different levels of standard additions. The precision (intraday, interday) of methods was found within limits (RSD Shilpa Korti, Channabasavaraj KP, Somashekar PL et al., (2014) reported a new, simple (RP-HPLC) method and validated for simultaneous estimation of Moxonidine(MOX) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in bulk drug and tablet dosage forms. The separation was achieved by using C8 Phenomenex Luna (250 x 4.6mm, 5ÃŽ ¼m) column with a mobile phase acetonitrile and formic acid solution (0.2%v/v) in the ratio 50:50 by using flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength at 245 nm. The retention times of MOX and HCTZ were found to be 3.0 and 4.8 min and the calibration curves were linear (r2=0.999) over a concentration range from 1-35ÃŽ ¼g/mL for MOX and HCTZ respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.08ÃŽ ¼g/mL and 0.1ÃŽ ¼g/mL for MOX and 0.2ÃŽ ¼g/mL and 0.4ÃŽ ¼g/mL for HCTZ respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines and the results were found to be within the limits. So it can be used for the routine quality control of MOX and HCTZ in bulk sample and tablet dosage forms. Vidhya K. Bhusari, Sunil R. Dhaneshwar et al., (2011) reported a new and accurate HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate as the bulk drug and in tablet dosage forms by using aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and chloroform: methanol: acetic acid (8: 2: 0.2 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric evaluation of the separated zones was performed at 232 nm. The three drugs were satisfactorily resolved with RF values 0.22  ± 0.02 and 0.36  ± 0.02, 0.55  ± 0.02 for Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate, respectively. The accuracy and reliability of the method was assessed by evaluation of linearity (100-600 ng/spot for Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate), precision (intra-day % RSD was 0.37–1.19 and inter-day % RSD was 0.69–1.11 for Atenolol, intra-day % RSD was 0.49–1.16 and inter-day % RSD was 0.50–1.23 for Hydrochlorothiazi de and intra-day % RSD was 0.59–0.84 and inter-day % RSD was 0.60–0.91 for Amlodipine Besylate), accuracy (99.93  ± 0.43 for Atenolol, 99.92  ± 0.72 for Hydrochlorothiazide and 99.87  ± 0.63 for Amlodipine Besylate), and specificity in accordance with ICH guidelines. Havaldar Freddy H and Vairal Dharmendra L et al., (2010) developed a simple, specific (RP-HPLC) method and validated for the determination of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, losartan and valsartan. Separation was achieved with a Nucleodur 100 C–18 column having 250 x 4.6mm i.d. with 5ÃŽ ¼m particle size and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.0 using diluted ortho phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (50:50 v à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ v) at flow rate of 1.0ml/min using UV detection at 210nm. The retention time of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, losartan and valsartan was about 1.99min, 2.90min, 5.92min and 9.42min respectively. The proposed method was validated and successfully used for estimation of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, losartan and valsartan in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization Essays -- genetics, embryos, ch

The thought of having a child or children usually begins either before marriage or shortly thereafter for most couples. Many couples begin to ask each other how many children they would like to have together; whether they will be boys or girls; where will they go to school; will they become active in sports; and many other questions. For some couples these dreams begin to diminish over time when they do not conceive a child. They try for many years – following the ovulation cycle of the wife, but conception is never achieved from their efforts. Some of these couples turn to specialists in infertility to help them realize their dreams of a family. Infertility doctors often use various forms of Assisted Reproductive Techniques â€Å"ART† to bring hope back to many infertile couples. In vitro fertilization â€Å"IVF† is one form of ART that can aid those in need and fulfill the dream of parenthood for many couples (IVF). When people begin to think of IVF, they conjure images of a mad scientist performing outrageous experiments upon his test-subjects. They also begin to think of Hollywood movies of cloned people creating societies that completely lack human emotion and compassion (â€Å"IVF.net†). Unfortunately, these images and fictitious movies have tarnished this medical practice severely. If someone were to step back and leave their cultural norms and preconceived perceptions aside – they would understand that IVF is merely medical procedure utilized to help a couple conceive a child. The process of IVF begins with many tests to determine the quality of the reproductive organs of the woman (IVF - the risks). Next, the woman is given a prescription of four different type’s medicines to be administered via varying sizes of needles. This medic... ...://missandrae.blogspot.com/2009/01/ethics-of-ivf.html>. Unite Kingdom. General Medical Council. Personal beliefs and medical practice - guidance for doctors. London, UK: General Medical Council, 2008. Web. . Spears, Nick. "Twenty years since the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act receives Royal Assent." Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. HFEA, 01 Nov 2010. Web. 17 Oct 2013. . Wahrman, Miryam. "Assisted Reproduction and Judaism." Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 2011. Web. 18 Oct 2013. . "Cloning, Genetic Engineering, and IVF." Valley Bible Church. www.valleybible.net, Feb 2008. Web. 20 Oct 2013. .

Marketing Evaluation

MARKETING PLAN EVALUATION WORKSHEETS Your task is to describe and evaluate the marketing plan of an automobile brand and model of your choice. For the marketing aspect of your evaluation focus on a particular model not the whole company: for example consider the Chevrolet Camaro, not GM as a whole. For the situation analysis you will need to consider more than just specific model, i. e. what is the situation of GM as a whole and how is this impacting the marketing of your particular model. You focus should be primarily Canada while recognizing that for the situation analysis especially, there may be issues globally (e. . world economy) that will be relevant. These worksheets are designed to assist you in your project. Worksheets are a useful tool because they help to ensure that important information is not omitted from your evaluation. Answering the questions on these worksheets will enable you to: 1. Organize and structure the data and information you collect during the situation a nalysis. 2. Use this information to better understand your firm's strengths and weaknesses and to recognize the opportunities and threats that exist in the marketing environment. 3. Identify if goals and objectives that capitalize on strengths. . Identify if a marketing strategy that creates competitive advantages. 5. Identify and critique a plan for implementing the marketing strategy. By downloading these worksheets in an electronic format, you will be able to change the outline or add additional information that is relevant to your situation. Remember that there is no one best way to organize an evaluation of a marketing plan. The outline was designed to provide an analytical framework and to be flexible enough to accommodate the unique characteristics of the company you are reviewing.It is possible that not everything in the worksheets will apply equally to your company. You could start by reviewing Figure 2. 6, the overview of the marketing planning process found on page 62 of the text. You should also review Table 2. 2 and appendix 2 of your text. As you complete the worksheets, you should refer back to the text of the chapters as suggested throughout. In completing the situation analysis section, be sure to be as comprehensive as possible. The viability of your analysis depends on how well you have identified all of the relevant environmental issues.Likewise, as you complete the analysis, you should be accurate and realistic about the firm's characteristics. Do not attribute strengths to the firm that it does really does not possess. Being accurate also goes for your listing of weaknesses. I. Executive Summary The executive summary is a synopsis of the overall evaluation. The executive summary is easier to write if you do it last, after you have written the entire evaluation . Include a description of the product, the target market, and the need for it in the market. You should give an overview of the main points of your evaluation.Most importantly, kee p in mind that this is your opportunity to sell your marketing plan and entice your audience to read the details of the report. Company Description and Input from Corporate Strategies (pp. 45 – 54) Include a description of the company’s recent history and successes and touch briefly upon the strategy for the organization as a whole. This may include elements such as: Mission Corporate objectives Strategic Business Unit (SBU) objectives (Figure 2. 1 on page 46 illustrates the stages in formulating a strategy for the company as a whole. )III. Situation Analysis A situation analysis considers the internal circumstances of the organization or product, the external environment, competitive activity, and characteristics of the customer that may be relevant to the marketing plan. A situation analysis includes: †¢ Internal analysis †¢ Environmental analysis †¢ Customer analysis †¢ Competitive analysis A. Internal Analysis Review of marketing goals and objec tives Identify the firm's current marketing goals and objectives. State whether these goals and objectives are: Consistent with the firm's missionConsistent with recent changes in the marketing or customer environments Leading to expected performance outcomes (sales volume, market share, profitability, awareness, brand preference) Review of current marketing performance Describe the firm's current performance compared to other firms in the industry. Is the performance of the industry as a whole improving or declining? Why? If the firm's performance is declining, what is the most likely cause (e. g. , environmental changes, flawed strategy, poor implementation)?Review of current and anticipated organizational resources Describe the current state of the firm's organizational resources (e. g. , financial, capital, human, experience, relationships with key suppliers or customers). How are the levels of these resources likely to change in the future? If resource levels are expected to ch ange: How can the firm leverage additional resources to meet customer needs better than competitors? How can the firm compensate for future constraints on its resources? Review of current and anticipated cultural and structural issuesIn terms of marketing strategy development and implementation, describe the positive and negative aspects of the current and anticipated culture of the firm. Examples could include: The firm's overall customer orientation (or lack thereof) The firm's emphasis on short-term vs. long-term planning Willingness of the culture to embrace change Internal politics and power struggles The overall position and importance of the marketing function Changes in key executive positions General employee satisfaction and morale B. Environmental AnalysisReview Chapter 4 Economic Growth and Stability Identify the general economic conditions of the country, region, province, and local area in which the firm operates: Political, Legal, and Regulatory Issues Identify any po litical activities that affect the firm or the industry: Changes in elected officials (domestic or foreign) Industry (lobbying) groups Consumer groups Changes in Technology Identify ways that changing technology has affected the firm's customers: Identify ways that changing technology has affected the way the firm or the industry operatesIdentify current technologies that the firm is not using to the fullest potential: Identify future technologies that may increase the risk of product obsolescence: Sociocultural Trends Identify changes in society's demographics and values that will affect the firm or the industry (if this becomes too broad, focus on the firm's target customers): Explain the changes that shifting demographics and values will have on the firm's: Identify any problems or opportunities that may be created by changes in the cultural diversity of the firm's customers and employees:Identify any ecological issues (pollution, recycling, energy conservation) that the firm or industry is facing: Identify the ethical and social responsibility issues that the firm or industry is facing: C. Customer Analysis Review Chapters 6 & 7 There are seven general questions that marketers should ask about their customers: 1. Who are our actual and potential customers? 2. Why do they buy our product? 3. Why do others not buy our product? 4. Where do our customers buy our product? 5. How do they buy it? 6. When do they buy it? 7. What do they do with our product?Who are the firm's current and potential customers? Describe the important identifying characteristics of the firm's current and potential customers: Demographic Geographic Psychographic Product usage Identify the important players in the purchase process for the firm's products: Purchasers (actual act of purchase) Users (actual product user) Influencers (influence the decision, make recommendations) Financial responsibility (who pays the bill? ) What do customers do with the firm's products? Where do customers purchase the firm's products?Identify any trends in purchase patterns across these outlets (e. g. , how e-commerce has, or could, change the way the firm's products are purchased). When do customers purchase the firm's products? Factors under the firm's control Factors not under the firm's control Why (and how) do customers select the firm's products? Describe the basic benefits provided by the firm's products relative to competing products: Describe the degree to which customers' needs are being fulfilled by the firm's products relative to competing products: Describe how customers' needs are expected to change in the future.Describe the relative importance of transactional (short, one-time) vs. relational (long-term, ongoing) exchange processes when customers make a purchase: Why do potential customers not purchase the firm's products? After answering these seven questions, then you can look at segmentation and positioning analysis (see p. 267 for positioning analysis and position ing maps). D. Competitive Analysis (pp. 121-12,; 295, 387) Identify the firm's major competitors (brand, product, generic) Identify the characteristics of the firm's major competitors: List any potential (future) competitors not identified in the preceding.IV. SWOT Analysis: The previous analyses should have uncovered the essential elements for a SWOT analysis. This is essentially a summary of the previous findings, and its format may shed further light on the current company situation (pp. 62 – 63; see Blackboard â€Å"Things to consider for a SWOT and PESTEL analysis; also review concepts from Comm 101). A. Strengths Strength 1: _________________________________________________________ How does this strength enable the firm to meet customers' needs? Does this strength make the firm different from (better than) its competitors? Repeat as needed to develop a complete list of strengths) B. Weaknesses Weakness 1: ________________________________________________________ How doe s this weakness prevent the firm from meeting customers' needs? Does this weakness make the firm different from (worse than) its competitors? (Repeat as needed to develop a complete list of weaknesses) C. Opportunities Opportunity 1: _______________________________________________________ How is this opportunity related to serving customers' needs? How can the firm capitalize on this opportunity in the short- and long-term? Repeat as needed to develop a complete list of opportunities) D. Threats Threat 1: ___________________________________________________________ How is this threat related to serving customers' needs? How can the firm prevent this threat from limiting its capabilities in the short- and long-term? (Repeat as needed to develop a complete list of threats) F. Matching, Converting, Minimizing, and Avoiding Strategies Describe ways that the firm does or can match its strengths to its opportunities to create capabilities in serving customers' needs.Does the firm convert i ts weaknesses into strengths or its threats into opportunities? If not, how can the firm minimize or avoid its weaknesses and threats? Does the firm possess any major liabilities (unconverted weaknesses that match unconverted threats) or limitations (unconverted weaknesses or threats that match opportunities)? If so, are these liabilities and limitations obvious to customers? Can the firm do anything about its liabilities or limitations, especially those that impact the firm's ability to serve customers' needs? V.Marketing Objectives and Strategies: from your analysis, what do you infer as the company’s marketing objectives? A. Marketing Goal A: __________________________________________________ Objective A1: ______________________________________________________ Be as specific as you’re able. Objective A2: ______________________________________________________ Be as specific as you’re able. B. Marketing Goal B: __________________________________________________ Objective B1: ______________________________________________________ Be as specific as you’re able.Objective B2: ______________________________________________________ Be as specific as you’re able. (Repeat as needed to develop a complete list of goals and objectives) VI. Marketing Strategies: based on your observations of the company activity, what are the marketing strategies being pursued? A. Primary Target Market and Marketing Mix (pp. 106-109) Primary target market: ________________________________________________ Review Chapter 7 This target's primary need: Identifying characteristics (demographics, geography, psychographics): Purchasing/shopping habits and preferences:Consumption/disposition characteristics: Product: _______________________________________________ Review Chapters 8 & 9 Major features and benefits: Sustainable competitive advantage: Differentiation / positioning strategy: Brand name and packaging: Customer service strategy: Complementary product s: Pricing: ________________________________________________ Review Chapter 10 Pricing objectives: Description of per unit costs: Discount/markdown policy: Distribution: ____________________________________________ Review Chapter 11 General supply chain strategy: Intermediaries and channels to be used:Elements of customer convenience: Promotion: _____________________________________________ Review Chapters 12 & 13 General IMC strategy: IMC objectives and budget: Elements of the advertising/publicity strategy: Elements of the personal selling strategy: Elements of trade sales promotion (push) strategy: Elements of consumer sales promotion (pull) strategy: Elements of the sponsorship strategy: B. Is there a Secondary Target Market? If so, repeat the above analysis VII. Marketing Implementation A. Structural Issues What organizational structure is being used to implement the marketing strategy:Describe any changes to the firm's structure needed to implement the marketing strategy (e. g . , add/delete positions, change lines of authority, change reporting relationships). B. Tactical Marketing Activities: what is the company doing specifically to implement the strategy that you have identified? |Specific Tactical Activities | | | |Product Activities | | | |1. |2. | |3. | | | |Pricing Activities | | | |1. | |2. | |3. | | | |Distribution Activities | | | |1. | |2. | |3. | | |IMC Activities | | | |1. | |2. | |3. | VIII. Evaluation and Control A. Formal Marketing Control Describe the types and levels of formal control mechanisms that should be used to ensure the implementation of the marketing plan. Summary and Conclusions Write approximately one to three paragraphs summarizing your analysis and providing a broad overview of the key actions recommended.

A Discussion on Islamic Militancy

Islam is an age old religion that espouses spirituality, and calls for a life of worship, faith work and submission to the will of a supreme being called Allah by following rules, set forth in the pillars of the Islamic faith, in the teaching found in the holy book the Koran and teachings of prophets of the faith. How then can a religion that professes such benevolence and deep spirituality and obedience be linked to acts of terrorism?Perhaps, the most common connection is found in the first pillar of Islam faith, which is; to bear witness that there is no entity worthy of worship except Allah alone, and that Muhammad was his messenger. Taken out of context and blown out of proportions perhaps, to this effect, is the concept of Jihad or a holy war (Pipes, 2002).There is no straight-out definition of what a jihad is, one holds it to be holy war waged against other Muslims who are said to be infidels due to a difference in their interpretation of the fait. On the other hand, another de finition of jihad is the call for Muslims to reject the legal armed conflict in order to attain deeper spiritual state of enlightenment. Why then does this â€Å"militant† brand of Islam thrive?Warner (2001), an American writer, columnist who focuses on Islam posits that it is due to the victories that these militant groups have achieved, that is why this radical ideology thrives. He further said that in 2004, Muslims were on top of the heap, better off that most of their world contemporaries (Warner, 2001). He also said that some Muslims feel the need to be on top again; hence this implies hostile relations with the Western world, as this is seen as the source of their problems (Warner, 2001).While there are only 10 to 15 percent of the Muslim world currently espousing this belief, with approximately one billion Muslims in the world, there are easily 100 million to 150 million of them. Coupled with misinformation, and lack of understanding of the Islamic faith, this is the r eason for such ideology to thrive among Muslims or otherwise.REFERENCESArave, L. (n.d.). Militant Islam thrives on its success. Retrieved February 18, 2009, fromhttp://209.85.175.132/search?q=cache:RvCXXjWGddIJ:findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20040206 /ai_n11439530+why+does+militant+islam+thrive&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=ph

Individual in Society essays

Individual in Society essays Individuality according to dictionary.com means the aggregate of qualities and characteristics that distinguish one person or thing from others; character: choices that were intended to express his individuality; monotonous towns lacking in individuality. Or in other words individuality is what makes people different from one person to another. Although people are different people feel a need to belong to a group in society. I think that people feel that they need to belong to a group because in a group you can talk about your dilemmas and receive comfort from others. In a group of people you can talk about your ambitions and your viewpoint on many topics. Many problems arise from individuality and from feeling the need to belong to a group. Individuality creates many problems because many people will not accept somebody in their group just because they are different. Which then leads to the problem of the need to belong to a group. If you are not pictured as the normal person then i t is very hard to be accepted by others. Many people will do almost anything to be accepted. Even conform to be like others and loose ones individuality. The first story I will talk about, from the book Facing History and Ourselves, is called Conformity and Identity which begins on page 31. This story is about somebody named Brandon Carson. What Mr. Carson is saying is that To learn to accept yourself as you are, and then to start liking yourself completely, is an obstacle some people never overcome. At the age of 16 Mr. Carson admitted to his friends and family the he was gay. The story talks about how he told his friend that he was gay and his friend was no longer a friend but an ex-friend. Mr. Carson has come to many difficulties since he came out of the closet. Many homosexuals have a difficulty maintaining their individuality because homosexuals are not a majorit ...

Gregory Jarvis, Challenger Astronaut

Gregory Jarvis, Challenger Astronaut Gregory Bruce Jarvis was an American astronaut who brought an extensive background as an engineer to his work with NASA. He died in the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986, on his first and only trip to space. Fast Facts: Gregory Jarvis Born: August 24, 1944 in Detroit, MichiganDied: January 28, 1986  in Cape Canaveral, FloridaParents: A. Bruce Jarvis and Lucille Ladd (divorced)Spouse: Marcia Jarboe Jarvis, married June 1968Education: B.S. degree from the State University of New York at Buffalo and M.S. degree from Northeastern University, both in electrical engineeringMilitary Career: United States Air Force 1969-73Work: Hughes Aircraft from 1973 to 1986, selected as an astronaut candidate in 1984 Early Life Gregory Bruce Jarvis was born in Detroit, Michigan, on August 24, 1944. Growing up, he was heavily involved with a variety of sports and was also a classical guitarist. His father, Greg Jarvis, and mother, Lucille Ladd, divorced when he was in college at the State University of New York. He studied electrical engineering and received his bachelors degree in 1967. He then pursued a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering at Northeastern. After graduation, he served in the Air Force for four years, attaining the rank of captain.   Work at Hughes Aircraft In 1973, Jarvis joined Hughes Aircraft Company, where he worked as an engineer on various satellite programs. Over the next few years, he served as an engineer for the MARISAT Program, which consisted of a set of maritime communications satellites. He then went on to work on communications systems for military use before joining the Advanced Program Laboratory to work on the LEASAT systems. The technology provided synchronous communications for a variety of applications. In 1984, Jarvis, along with 600 other Hughes engineers, applied to become payload specialists for NASA flights. Work With NASA Gregory Jarvis was accepted for training by NASA in 1984. He was listed as a payload specialist, a category including people trained by commercial or research institutions to do specific space shuttle flights. His main interest was the effect of weightlessness on fluids. Jarvis was put on flight status and slated to go into space in 1985. However, his place was taken by Jake Garn, a U.S. senator who wanted to fly into space. Another senator, Bill Nelson, stepped in and also wanted to fly, so Jarvis flight was postponed until 1986.   Jarvis was assigned as a payload specialist on STS-51L aboard the Challenger shuttle. It would be the 25th shuttle mission carried out by NASA and included the first teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe. Jarvis was tasked to study fluids in space, in particular, the effects on liquid-fueled rockets, as part of a fluid dynamics experiment. His specific duties were to test the reaction of satellite propellants to shuttle maneuvers. Gregory B. Jarvis during training for his shuttle mission. NASA   For 51L, Challenger carried a tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS), as well as the Spartan Halley shuttle-pointed tool for astronomy. Jarvis and the others would be responsible for their deployment, while colleague Christa McAuliffe would teach lessons from space and attend to a set of student experiments carried into space aboard the shuttle. Although not specifically in the mission plan, astronaut Ronald McNair had brought along his saxophone and had planned to play a short concert from space. The Challenger Disaster The space shuttle Challenger was destroyed in an explosion 73 seconds after launch on January 28, 1986. In addition to Gregory Jarvis, crew members Christa McAuliffe, Ron McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik, Dick Scobee, and Michael J. Smith were killed in the disaster. After Jarvis remains were recovered, he was cremated and scattered at sea by his widow, Marcia Jarboe Jarvis.  Ã‚   Personal Life Gregory Jarvis married Marcia Jarboe in 1968 after they had met in college. They were active in sports, particularly long-distance cycling. They had no children. Marcia worked as a dental assistant.   Honors and Awards Gregory Jarvis was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor posthumously. There is an engineering building at the State University of New York, Buffalo, named for him, as well as a dam in New York state.   Jarvis, along with other crew members, was the subject of a film called Beyond the Stars and a documentary called For All  Mankind, dedicated to the sacrifice made by the Challenger crew. Sources â€Å"Gregory B. Jarvis.† The Astronauts Memorial Foundation, www.amfcse.org/gregory-b-jarvis.Jarvis, www.astronautix.com/j/jarvis.html.Knight, J.D. â€Å"Gregory Jarvis - Challenger Memorial on Sea and Sky.† Sea and Sky - Explore the Oceans Below and the Universe Above, www.seasky.org/space-exploration/challenger-gregory-jarvis.html.Nordheimer, Jon. â€Å"GREGORY JARVIS.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 10 Feb. 1986, www.nytimes.com/1986/02/10/us/2-space-novices-with-a-love-of-knowledge-gregory-jarvis.html.

An analysis of a student paper with unf writes rubrics

An analysis of a student paper with unf writes rubrics Analyzing papers with UNF Writes Rubrics set a very clear guideline for writing a paper. The rubrics include logic, mechanics(grammar,syntax, punctuation,and spelling), rhetorical awareness, and plain English style. After assessing a student paper based on these Rubrics it is apparent how well a paper or even how poorly a paper is written. The rubrics rate the essays on level of expertise, ranging from professional to unacceptable. Included in the levels are expert, skilled craftsperson, craftsperson and apprentice. This student paper,based on the UNF Writes Rubrics score, earns the grade of a C; the author reinforces the prompt and main idea but loses the audience in style and logic. The student essay prompt stated to relate an epigraph or short quotation from Dr. Kimball’s essay to the student reading of the text. This student emphasized the idea of â€Å"self-talk† and a quote by Judith Butler. By stating this quote in the first paragraph the student leads the audience to think this is the topic essay, but instead loses track of this idea by the end of the second paragraph. In the second and third paragraphs the author writes about how self talk forms and changes a persons personality while in the opening paragraph the main idea is the â€Å"I† and where it comes from. By opening up more topics to the reader the authors logic received a two out of four, or apprentice craftsperson on the UNF Writes Rubric scale. According to the Self-Talk Rubric:Logic (Logical Coherence and Development), the essay logically connects some of the ideas to the thesis and uses transitional words. The essay does logically connect back to the original thesis by r epeating the thought of the ‘I’ but the sentences are not cohesive with one another. The paper changes topics from sentence to sentence without bringing the old information back up. The lack of coherence and loss of focus equally decreased the writers grade on the logic portion. Using the prompt of the essay the author chose the epigraph from Judith Butler about the story of the â€Å"I† to relate to the entire article. Using this prompt the student should have written about this quote to explain to the audience how it relates, instead the student loses the prompt in the second and third paragraphs by writing about other short stories such as an infant crawling away turning into a person that loves to travel. By the author writing about other epigraphs off topic from the original, the audience is left confused on the main idea. The author receives a Rhetorical Awareness grade of a two out of four. A two out of four on the Self-Talk Rubric: Rhetorical Awareness states the writing addresses the assignment prompt and audience expectations with minor exceptions. By the end of the paper the audience knows about the ‘I’ and the idea of self-talk but not exactly how they relate or which one is the main idea. As for writing style in sentences, diction and tone the writer receives a UNF Writes Rubric score of two out of six, or apprentice craftsperson. This grade means the writing exhibits minor problems in sentences, diction and tone, and the language does not adhere to plain english standards. For example the student writes in first person throughout the paper, using words such as us, we, you and our. Along with the overuse of the first person the text has an unprofessional tone, using words such as ‘goes’ to explain what a quote said. In addition to the first person narrative and lack of professional tone the sentences are simplistic, all of these factors come together as work of an apprentice craftsperson. For the fourth rubric on mechanics, which includes grammar, syntax, punctuation and spelling, the writer maintained a three out of six or a craftsperson. This means the writer was able to only have around two mechanics error on the page. The errors found were the use of sentence fragments in the first paragraph and wrong use of punctuation in the last. These errors do not affect the grade as much as the other rubrics because mechanics is weighed the least. The author earned a C according to UNF Writes Rubrics on logic, rhetorical awareness, style and mechanics. The rubrics were weighed as the following: logic 30%, rhetorical awareness 30%, style 25% and mechanics 15%. From these weightings and the aforementioned level of expertise the student writes at a craftsperson level and received an average grade because of it.

Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Research Paper Example Upon knowing this, the teacher would now know the customized approach he or she should take on such as the transitional bilingual education which is one that is most effective. This means that the teacher uses the child’s native language to introduce them to the context of a secondary language. Primary language of the student is now used as a bridge to develop literary comprehension with another language (Coonan, C. M., n.d.). Another way to develop linguistic competency through bilingual education would be the Dual Language Immersion. This means that teachers would practice a clear separation of two languages being used in each curriculum. What they do is that instead of translating each principle to another language which could sometimes not encompass the whole meaning or idea and cause confusion, they strengthen one’s understanding of a specific concept delivered in one language and when students already have a strong hold on it, they will then alter the language to further explicate a topic (Cook, Vivian, n.d.) Cook, Vivian (n.d.). Bilingual Cognition and Language Teaching. Virgin Media - Cable broadband, TV & phone plus mobile broadband & phone. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/Writings/Papers/BilCog&Teaching.htm Masters Degree Program - Bilingual Education - NYU Steinhardt. (n.d.). NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from

Orchestra metaphor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Orchestra metaphor - Research Paper Example At the same time, both conductor and project manager maintain responsibility and pay attention to coordinating role performance. An orchestra conductor is responsible for the rhythm and timing of the performance, as well as the mood and interpretation of the original composition, using fortes and pianissimos. Similarly, a project manager must be sensitive to the rhythm of a project, the timing of individual contributions, and the mood and interpretation of the original project proposal goals, intuiting when to push firmly and when to be gentle. The conductor accepts audience appreciation with dignity, and directs appreciation to orchestra members. A good project manager does the same. Unlike orchestra conductors, project managers coordinate with department heads, media, government officials, lawyers, graphic artists, etc., using a sense of humor to keep perspective, and bring everything in on time and under budget. Politician may be an appropriate metaphor. The most important quality to have is excellent communication skills, because a project manager must ask the right questions (Answers.com), influence people, and inspire and communicate shared vision (Bennis).

Green Business - Sony Corp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Green Business - Sony Corp - Research Paper Example It has a global market in all its six major categories of products audio, video, televisions, information and communications, semiconductors and electronic components. The Sony Group is primarily focused on the Electronics (such as AV/IT products & components), Game (such as PlayStation), Entertainment (such as motion pictures and music), and Financial Services (such as insurance and banking) sectors. Not only does it represent a wide range of businesses, but it remains globally unique. Its aim is to fully leverage this uniqueness in aggressively carrying out their convergence strategy so as to continue to emotionally touch and excite customers. Sony Corporation designs, develops, manufactures, and sells electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for consumer, professional, and industrial markets worldwide. The company offers consumer products and devices, including televisions, video cameras, compact digital cameras and digital single-lens reflex cameras, Blu-ray Disc players/re corders, DVD-video players/recorders, home theaters and audio systems, and portable audio and car audio products. It also provides charged coupled devices, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensors, system LSIs, small- and medium-sized TFT LCD panels, and other semiconductors; and components, such as batteries, optical disk drives, chemical products, audio/video/data recording media, storage media, and optical pickups. In addition, the company develops, produces, markets, and distributes games, such as PlayStation3, PlayStation Portable, and PlayStation 2 hardware and related software; and PCs and flash memory digital audio players, as well as manufactures broadcast- and professional-use products, Blu-ray Discs, DVDs, and CD discs. Further, it produces and distributes motion pictures and television programs, and home entertainment; creates and distributes digital content; operates a channel network and studio facilities; and develops entertainment products, services, and technologies. Additionally, the company engages in the music publishing business, as well as provision of various financial services, including insurance, savings products, loans, leasing, and credit financing services; and a network service business and an advertising agency business. It also involves in research, development, design, production, marketing, sales, distribution, and servicing mobile phones, accessories, services, and applications. Vision The Sony Group Environmental Vision presents a philosophy and principles for environmental management activities throughout the global Sony Group with the aim of contributing to the realization of a sustainable society. Since enacting the Sony Global Environmental Policy which is a predecessor of the Sony Group Environmental Vision and the Environmental Action Program, in 1993, Sony has pursued a broad range of environmental initiatives. Philosophy Sony recognizes the importance of preserving the natural environment that sustains a ll life on the earth for future generations and thereby ensuring that all humanity can attain a healthy and enriched life. In order to realize such sustainable society,  Sony strives to achieve a zero environmental footprint throughout the lifecycle of its products and business activities. Principles The driving principles of Sony are to â€Å"reduce the environmental footprint and prevent environmental pollution throughout the li

Energy Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Energy Consumption - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that peak load values will be obtained when there is more demand on the electricity due to use of appliances. In this case peak load values in the student halls will be recorded during the early morning when the students will be preparing to go to class or any other activities they are involved in. The use of the instant heating showers, blow dryers, iron box coupled with the demand to ensure that the room is warm enough due to the morning cold, the amount of electricity in use instantaneously shoots up. Peak load can also be noticed in the evenings just when the students are coming back from their classes and other activities they have been engaging in during the day. The use of electrical appliances in use throughout the hall increases so does the demand for the energy to drive them, these appliances are mostly for entertainment purposes such as gaming console, television and stereo systems.This paper highlights that  base load is the lowest avera ge in energy consumption at a particular period when the consumption is steady. Base load values will be obtained when there is less demand on the electricity.  The best time to do this is at night when the students are preparing to sleep through to the time they are about to wake up.  The results show a gradual decrease in base load from the month of January to the month of August after which it gradually increases.  ... Base load values will be obtained when there is less demand on the electricity. In the students halls Base load values will be recorded during the day while most of the students will be away, because this brings down the overall consumption of energy although the values during the day might not be very reliable because of the students left in the halls since the will still be consuming the electricity this may take out the steady aspect in the calculation of base load values. The best time to do this is at night when the students are preparing to sleep through to the time they are about to wake up. This allows for consumption to go low and maintain a steady flow thus making it a more appropriate time to calculate the base load values. For this assignment the base load was calculated by averaging the consumption between 00:00 hours and 06:00 hours when the consumption was low and steady. The results were averaged again to find the base load for the month from January through to Octobe r. Also calculated was the difference in base load values to determine the change in base load values between months. The results were found and represented as follows: Monthly Base load Month Base load value Base load difference January 288411.8 0 February 314269.3 25857.5 March 338548.9 24279.6 April 361666.5 23117.6 May 384706.7 23040.2 June 407179.9 22473.2 July 425351.1 18171.2 August 441813.4 16462.3 September 458685.6 16872.2 October 477464.7 18779.1 The results show a gradual decrease in base load from the month of January to the month of August after which it gradually increases. This could probably be attributed to the change in weather since it gets cold around late August and beginning of

The Great Athena Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Great Athena - Essay Example Alan LeQuire was the sculptor behind the design and construction of the Great Athena. In his research, LeQuire found out that the original sculptor, Pheidias, built the Athena on with curved ivory on a wooden framework. The ivory acted as the gold wardrobe and skin for the original Athena. After sufficient research, LeQuire began to reconstruct the Athena. LeQuire began by first creating small clay models of the statue. From these models as starting points, the sculptor spent more than three years in enlarging the statue. This also involved the casting process which led to the building of the full Athena of Parthenos (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County 1). The artist assembled the Great Athena by casting gymnasium cement in the Parthenon. The assembly involved casting of many moulds that enlarged the statue while giving it its beautiful look. In order to ensure that the statue had sufficient support, LeQuire attached each of the sections of the Athena into an ar mature made of steel. The statue is constructed of gold, ivory and silver. The sculptor put a Sphinx likeness in the center of the statue’s helmet to make it more appealing. The statue was constructed and made upright with griffins on both sides of its helmet. A work of ivory was done on the head with a long tunic which goes down to the Athena’s feet. ... It is argued that the serpent was meant to represent Erichthonius (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County 1). The quality and character that is expressed by the Athena is owed to the imagery that the sculptor brought about through the coins and miniature sculptures which are combined into one whole. This makes the Athena to seem like being engraved on numerous gems and therefore making it more unique and attractive. Improvements were made to the statue in 2002 which included detailing of the shield and wardrobe and enhanced details of the statue’s face. The Great Athena was made more unique with the horizontal elements of its architecture which arch towards the center (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County 1). Moreover all of the statue’s columns in the exterior are forwardly inclined. The diagonal incline of its corner columns also makes the statue unique. More significantly is the Parthenon’s interior which is divided into t he East and West rooms. The East room acts to house the Athena while the West room is the housing of the Athena’s treasure. The similarity with the Greece Parthenon, the Nashville Parthenon also symbolically faces the East. The assembly of the Athena was however achieved on a wooden core. This core was surrounded by plates of bronze. The original Athena was a significant part of the treasury of Greece in Athens. This is because of the numerous removable plates of gold that covered the plates of bronze. These were designed and included as a representation of wealth of the Athens. It is notable that there is a slight forward incline of the Athena’s head. This makes the observer reflect on the sculptor’s intention of spreading the weight of the statue evenly. This is further disclosed by the fact

Green Business - Sony Corp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Green Business - Sony Corp - Research Paper Example It has a global market in all its six major categories of products audio, video, televisions, information and communications, semiconductors and electronic components. The Sony Group is primarily focused on the Electronics (such as AV/IT products & components), Game (such as PlayStation), Entertainment (such as motion pictures and music), and Financial Services (such as insurance and banking) sectors. Not only does it represent a wide range of businesses, but it remains globally unique. Its aim is to fully leverage this uniqueness in aggressively carrying out their convergence strategy so as to continue to emotionally touch and excite customers. Sony Corporation designs, develops, manufactures, and sells electronic equipment, instruments, and devices for consumer, professional, and industrial markets worldwide. The company offers consumer products and devices, including televisions, video cameras, compact digital cameras and digital single-lens reflex cameras, Blu-ray Disc players/re corders, DVD-video players/recorders, home theaters and audio systems, and portable audio and car audio products. It also provides charged coupled devices, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensors, system LSIs, small- and medium-sized TFT LCD panels, and other semiconductors; and components, such as batteries, optical disk drives, chemical products, audio/video/data recording media, storage media, and optical pickups. In addition, the company develops, produces, markets, and distributes games, such as PlayStation3, PlayStation Portable, and PlayStation 2 hardware and related software; and PCs and flash memory digital audio players, as well as manufactures broadcast- and professional-use products, Blu-ray Discs, DVDs, and CD discs. Further, it produces and distributes motion pictures and television programs, and home entertainment; creates and distributes digital content; operates a channel network and studio facilities; and develops entertainment products, services, and technologies. Additionally, the company engages in the music publishing business, as well as provision of various financial services, including insurance, savings products, loans, leasing, and credit financing services; and a network service business and an advertising agency business. It also involves in research, development, design, production, marketing, sales, distribution, and servicing mobile phones, accessories, services, and applications. Vision The Sony Group Environmental Vision presents a philosophy and principles for environmental management activities throughout the global Sony Group with the aim of contributing to the realization of a sustainable society. Since enacting the Sony Global Environmental Policy which is a predecessor of the Sony Group Environmental Vision and the Environmental Action Program, in 1993, Sony has pursued a broad range of environmental initiatives. Philosophy Sony recognizes the importance of preserving the natural environment that sustains a ll life on the earth for future generations and thereby ensuring that all humanity can attain a healthy and enriched life. In order to realize such sustainable society,  Sony strives to achieve a zero environmental footprint throughout the lifecycle of its products and business activities. Principles The driving principles of Sony are to â€Å"reduce the environmental footprint and prevent environmental pollution throughout the li

The Great Athena Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Great Athena - Essay Example Alan LeQuire was the sculptor behind the design and construction of the Great Athena. In his research, LeQuire found out that the original sculptor, Pheidias, built the Athena on with curved ivory on a wooden framework. The ivory acted as the gold wardrobe and skin for the original Athena. After sufficient research, LeQuire began to reconstruct the Athena. LeQuire began by first creating small clay models of the statue. From these models as starting points, the sculptor spent more than three years in enlarging the statue. This also involved the casting process which led to the building of the full Athena of Parthenos (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County 1). The artist assembled the Great Athena by casting gymnasium cement in the Parthenon. The assembly involved casting of many moulds that enlarged the statue while giving it its beautiful look. In order to ensure that the statue had sufficient support, LeQuire attached each of the sections of the Athena into an ar mature made of steel. The statue is constructed of gold, ivory and silver. The sculptor put a Sphinx likeness in the center of the statue’s helmet to make it more appealing. The statue was constructed and made upright with griffins on both sides of its helmet. A work of ivory was done on the head with a long tunic which goes down to the Athena’s feet. ... It is argued that the serpent was meant to represent Erichthonius (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County 1). The quality and character that is expressed by the Athena is owed to the imagery that the sculptor brought about through the coins and miniature sculptures which are combined into one whole. This makes the Athena to seem like being engraved on numerous gems and therefore making it more unique and attractive. Improvements were made to the statue in 2002 which included detailing of the shield and wardrobe and enhanced details of the statue’s face. The Great Athena was made more unique with the horizontal elements of its architecture which arch towards the center (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County 1). Moreover all of the statue’s columns in the exterior are forwardly inclined. The diagonal incline of its corner columns also makes the statue unique. More significantly is the Parthenon’s interior which is divided into t he East and West rooms. The East room acts to house the Athena while the West room is the housing of the Athena’s treasure. The similarity with the Greece Parthenon, the Nashville Parthenon also symbolically faces the East. The assembly of the Athena was however achieved on a wooden core. This core was surrounded by plates of bronze. The original Athena was a significant part of the treasury of Greece in Athens. This is because of the numerous removable plates of gold that covered the plates of bronze. These were designed and included as a representation of wealth of the Athens. It is notable that there is a slight forward incline of the Athena’s head. This makes the observer reflect on the sculptor’s intention of spreading the weight of the statue evenly. This is further disclosed by the fact

Mythological Women Essay Example for Free

Mythological Women Essay Attitudes toward women in mythology reflect the attitudes that still exist today around the world. In mythology women always seem to mess up and make mistakes. Women are viewed as incapable in mythology. The attitudes toward women in both Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology are negative. One of the three types of mythology that are going to be discussed about is humanity mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western humanity mythology, there is the parable of Adam and Eve. In Adam and Eve, God tells them to not eat from the forbidden tree. Eve, the woman, is tempted and ends up disobeying God by eating an apple from the tree that was forbidden. On the other hand, in Greek humanity mythology there is the story of Pandora. Pandora was given a box and was told to never open the box. Curiosity got the best of Pandora and she ended up disobeying by opening the box. In humanity mythology women are portrayed as not being able to follow instructions and obey. The next type of mythology is the animal/plant mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western animal/plant mythology, you have the parable of Adam and Eve again. In the parable, Adam the man, is given the responsibility to name the animals. While in Greek animal/plant mythology, you have the myth of how spiders came to be. There was a Goddess named Athena who challenged Arachne at weaving. Arachne was the best weaver there. After loosing, Athena turned Arachne into a spider so she would weave webs forever. In animal/plant mythology, women are viewed as incapable to complete tasks and also viewed as jealous. The last type of mythology is hero mythology. In Judeo-Christian/Western hero mythology, you have superhero and trickster schemes. Without a trickster there is no superhero to solve the problem. In the superhero community, almost every superhero is male. On the other hand, in Greek hero mythology you have The Odyssey. In The Odyssey, you have Odysseus who is away for twenty long years. Odysseuss wife has been mourning for his arrival and has remained clean and faithful. In the meantime, Odysseus is sleeping with other women. Hero mythology portrays the dominance of men and their image of strength. Hero mythology also portrays the double standard of  what men expect for women. In conclusion, bad attitudes toward women that are seen in Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology still exist today. In humanity mythology, women are portrayed as incapable of obeying and following instructions. In animal/plant mythology, women are viewed as incapable to complete tasks and also very jealous. In hero mythology, men are seen as the ones with dominance, strength, and superiority and you can see a double standard in the expectations of morality. The attitudes toward women in both Judeo-Christian/Western and Greek mythology are negative.

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is not easy to distinguish it from neocolonialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, neocolonialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. According to Longman Contemporary English Dictionary colonialism is when a powerful country rules a weaker one and establishes its own trade and society there. ORIGIN OF COLONIALISM Before the abolition of the slave trade by Denmark in 1802 and Britain in 1807. The entire West African Coast witnessed trade in slaves which were need for the plantations of the then Industrialized new world. The nations involved were France, Britain, Denmark, Portugal and Germany. About forty years later the trade changed to that of colonialism conquest and occupation by Europeans. The Berlin West African Conference of 1884 1885 gave international recognition to a situation that was already in existence. 1945 1960 witnessed a reversal of the process of colonization decolonization while 1960 till date is witnessing a reincarnation and a resurrection of colonialism neocolonialism. Below shows a chronology of dates and the sequence of events from colonialism to neocolonialism and the present day ongoing process of neocolonialism. 1880 1885 Proto-Colonial period 1885 1945 Colonial Era Subdivision 1884 1885 Berlin Conference (the scramble for Africa) 1885 1900 Period of Conquest and occupation 1900 1919 Period of Penetration 1919 1939 Period of Colonial Rule 1939 1945 Decline of colonial rule 1945 1960 Period of decolonization 1960 Till date Period of Neocolonialism. MEANING OF NEOCOLONIALISM The term neocolonialism was first coined by Kwame Nkrumah, the first post-independence president of Ghana, and has been discussed by a number of twentieth century scholars and philosophers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Noam Chomsky Neocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. Such control can be economic, cultural, or linguistic, by promoting ones own culture, language or media in the colony, corporations embedded in that culture can then make greater headway in opening the markets in those countries. Thus, neocolonialism would be the result of business interests leading to deleterious cultural effects. Neocolonialism as defined by Longmans contemporary English Dictionary is when a powerful country uses its economic and political influence to control another country. DEFERENCE BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND NEOCOLONIALISM Though colonialism and neocolonialism are two sides of a coin. There are a number of differences that distinguishes the two. COLONIALISM NEOCOLONIALISM It is not modern (between 1880 1960s It involves physical or territorial occupation by the colonizers It has ended It is the early state of capitalism or imperialism It varies according to country e.g. Indirect Rule, (British) and policy of assimilation association by the French. It was led by France and Britain. It is a modern phenomenon It is not involve direct or physical presence of the colonizer any more It is ongoing i.e it is a continuous process It is the highest stage of Imperialism Neo-colonialism uses one methodology agents of Globalization It is now led by USA Probably nothing has become as controversial a subject as the impact of Colonialism on Africa among scholars of history and political science. Scholars such as Gann, Duignan, Perham and PC Lloyd see colonialism and neocolonialism as a blessing rather than a curse while other scholars such as Kwame Nkrumah, Che Guevara, Walter Rodney, MHY Kaniki A.E. Afigbo, A. Adu, Boahen, Ali Mazrai etc. sees it as a curse rather than a blessing. To buttress this further Che Guevaras says. As long as imperialism exists it will by definition exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism. Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary 1965 In view of this, the impact of Neo-colonialism therefore is not a lesser task to assess particularly from social, economic and political perspectives in Nigeria. To be frank, though there were positive effects but every greater were the negative ones. Below is my assessment of the impact of neocolonialism on the social, economic and political life of Nigeria. (A) AN ASSESSMENT SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA (1) Provision of a lingua franca. This is a positive impact of Neo-colonialism in Nigeria. The provision of a lingua franca (official language) for Nigeria can now be seen as a blessing due to the marriage of inconvenience which brought the numerous linguistic groups that constitutes the country to easily adopt a neutral language. Neo-colonialism through globalization has further consolidated the use of English language as the business and official language not only Nigeria but across the Anglophone countries. (2) Cultural Dominance According to Ali-Mazrui: African are not necessarily the most brutalized of peoples, but they are almost certainly the most humiliated. Using the agents of a globalization e.g. the Mass Media, Internet Western Movies etc. Nigerian culture like other African countries is evidently being subjugated and dominated by the western culture. Many Nigerians today seem to have imbibed the European way of life at the expense of our rich African culture (colonial mentality). This is gradually leading to a loss of cultural identity. (3) Western Education This is an indispensable effect that Neo-colonialism has also used as a tool for Nigerian continuous reliance on the west for inadequate, lopsided and wrongly oriented education which was bequeathed by colonialism and consolidated by Neo-colonialism. This is evident from the fact that our acquisition of western education has helped in a neglect of technological and industrial education rather than that of a technological advancement. (4) Environment Degradation Oil spillages due to the exploitation of oil by some multinational companies such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. has to a large extent polluted Nigerias water and land resources particularly in the oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Consequently this has affected the eco-system, the habitat and the cultural occupation of the people of that area. (B) AN ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Positively Nigeria as a country has benefiting economically from Neo-colonialism. However the negative economic impacts seem to outweigh the positive impacts. One out of the negative economic impacts includes: (1) Economic Dependency International Organizations accused of participating in neo-colonialism are the World Bank, World Trade Organizations, the Group of Eight the Paris Club, the World economic forum, IMF etc. have been used by the first world countries to subject Nigeria into some structural adjustments which will increase rather than alleviate poverty . These Organizations are neocolonial agents used to ensure a perpetual economic failure and dependence of Nigeria as evident in the high rate of underdevelopment, poverty, debt burden etc. which has characterized our economy. (2) Economic Subjugation by Multi-national Corporations Critics of neocolonialism has also argued that investment by multinational corporations enriches few in under-developed countries and causes humanitarian, environmental and ecological devastation to the population which inhabits the colonies. These corporations such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. are responsible for a continuous flow of natural resources (oil) which unduly benefits the neo-colonial states. (3) Economic Brain Drain Today modern slavery exists through visa lotteries used to siphon not only Nigerias but ultimately the human resources of the developing countries. This is an economic brain drain strategy to subject the third world into a continuous technological hostage. (C) AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POLITICAL IMPACTS OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA (1) Consolidation of Democracy in Nigeria Though Nigerias political history has been characterized by the Military versus the Civilians. Recently democracy seems to have been fully entrenched in Nigeria through neo-colonial agent, such as the U.N. and other similar organizations. (2) Political Dependency Nigerias membership of the United Nations and the Commonwealth which sit joined immediately after Independence provided reasons why we have always been politically dependent on neo-colonial states like the USA and Britain. Consequently, Nigeria membership Pan-African Movement like, NEPAD, the Non-Aligned Movements, the African Union, the ECOWAS have not liberated as from this unending political grip of dependency. (3) Political Instability and Regime Change Apparently, government either Military or Civilian which poses no threat to the neo-colonial states in Nigeria seem to last longer than the unfriendly ones. In my opinion, no other reason can be tendered as why the Murtala Seven Months Regime (July 1975 February 1976) and the Buhari regime (December 1983 August 1985) were very short lived. Nigerian leaders who refuse to be stooges or puppets of the neo-colonial powers are usually forcefully removed. (4) Loss of Independence and Sovereignty Neo-colonialism, as a continuation of colonialism have of course eroded the independence or sovereignty which Nigeria like many third world countries claimed to have gotten. (5) New Colonialism Finally, neo-colonialism is the tool which has helped the neo-colonial states to continue the colonial process which started around 1880 and obstructed by decolonization or Independence of Nigeria in 1960 In conclusion, whatever colonialism and neo-colonialism did or is doing for Africans in Africa or Nigeria, given its opportunities, it resources and the power and influence it is wielding till date it could and should have done far more than it has done. It is precisely because the neo-colonial states not only did not see the development of Africans as their first priority but did not see it as a priority at all that they stand criticized. The continuous existence of the tools of neo-colonialism therefore poses an existential threat to the development of Nigeria and Africa.

Martin Luther: Influential Preacher and Reformist :: Biography Biographies Essays

Martin Luther: Influential Preacher and Reformist Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany, the son of Hans Luther, who worked in the copper mines, and his wife Margarethe. He went to school at Magdeburg and Eisenach, and entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, graduating with a BA in 1502 and an MA in 1505. His father wished him to be a lawyer, but Luther was drawn to the study of the scriptures, and spent three years in the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt. In 1507 he was ordained a priest, and went to the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on philosophy and the Scriptures, becoming a powerful and influential preacher. On a mission to Rome in 1510--11 he was appalled by the corruption he found there. Money was greatly needed at the time for the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and papal emissaries sought everywhere to raise funds by the sale of indulgences. The system was grossly abused, and Luther's indignation at the shameless traffic, carried on in particular by the Dominican Johann Tetzel, became irrepressible. As professor of biblical exegesis at Wittenberg (1512--46), he began to preach the doctrine of salvation by faith rather than works; and on 31 October 1517 drew up a list of 95 theses on indulgences denying the pope any right to forgive sins, and nailed them on the church door at Wittenberg. Tetzel retreated from Saxony to Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, where he published a set of counter- theses and burnt Luther's. The Wittenberg students retaliated by burning Tetzel's, and in 1518 Luther was joined in his views by Melanchthon. The pope, Leo X, at first took little notice of this disturbance, but in 1518 summoned Luther to Rome to answer for his theses. His university and the elector interfered, and ineffective negotiations were undertaken by Cardinal Cajetan and by Miltitz, envoy of the pope to the Saxon court. The scholar Johann Eck and Luther held a memorable disputation at Leipzig (1519); and Luther began to attack the papal system more boldly. In 1520 he published his famous address An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation (Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation), followed by a treatise De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium (A Prelude concerning the Babylonian Captivity of the Church), which also attacked the doctrinal system of the Church of Rome. A papal bull containing 41 theses was issued against him. He burned it before a multitude of doctors, students, and citizens in Wittenberg. He was excommunicated, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, convened the first Diet at Worms in 1521, before which Luther was called to retract his teachings.

Teaching Philosophy :: Education Teachers Reflective Writing Essays

Teaching Philosophy I believe the main purpose of teaching any subject is to encourage students to think critically and appreciate knowledge. Thinking critically is a skill students, no matter where their lives lead them, will need. A teacher should be dedicated to the content they are teaching and should love what they are doing. The fact that students are learning the subject is not enough; a teacher also has an obligation to foster an enjoyment of learning in their students and to show them how they can apply it to their own lives. Teachers should be able to show students that what they are learning in the classroom is relevant to their own lives. The subject material and the students’ response to the subject material should be helping them learn about themselves, and the people they want to be. As for the actual methods of teaching, the students should always be actively involved in everything they are learning. No student wants to sit in a desk for forty-five minutes listening to their teacher lecture. Discussion and having students solve problems for themselves should be main components of the classroom. I believe facilitating discussion, especially in an English classroom, is one of the most important aspects of a child’s learning experience. By discussing their ideas with the teacher and other students, they are learning to effectively express their opinions and think further about what they are learning. The teacher needs to play an important role in ensuring students feel comfortable about speaking about their ideas and encouraging them to give voice to their opinions. A teacher’s work should not be confined to inside the classroom but should extend outside as well. The students they are teaching are the ones in whose hands the future of the world lies, and so a teacher’s responsibility is to demonstrate to students that they need to have a commitment to the world they are living in. A teacher should help their students to know more their world and community through the subject matter they are teaching. This should manifest itself in teaching about tolerance, respect and fostering a desire to better the world they are living in.

Positive and Negitive Effects Computers Have

July 23, 2011ENTRY 1: ME, A WRITER? Attitude: I was never really good at writing. I’ll admit I’m not too thrilled about taking a composition course. This will be a challenge, one that I hope to complete. I’m not looking forward to the long days and nights studying. What I am looking forward to is learning the different techniques and styles. I look at this as an opportunity for me. Inventory: I am an Independent learner, so distance education should be easy for me. Being a Pragmatic I like rules and prefer learning step by step. I have also learned that I am an Abstract learner, so I focus on large ideas, meanings, and relationships. I could properly use a little help with my verbal and social skills. I find myself at a loss of words whenever there is a group conversation. August 4, 2011ENTRY 2: PREWRITING Brainstorm: Ways computers affect my life Positive effects of computers on your personal life: †¢Genealogy †¢Reconnecting with friends †¢Easier/Faster communication †¢Catalog pictures †¢Games †¢Access to information †¢Read the newspaper from all over the world Positive effects of computers on your professional life †¢Training online †¢Job Work faster †¢More affiant †¢Easier access to information †¢Meetings at a company are reduced †¢Manage payroll, accounts receivable, taxes †¢Control inventory Positive effects of computers on your academic life †¢Distance learner †¢Can study day or night †¢More resources to information †¢Video conferences †¢Access to your courses Negative effects of computers on your personal life †¢Spend more time on the computer than with your family Addiction-less interaction with people †¢Faster communication may not be better communication †¢Identity theft Negative effects computers have in your professional life †¢Working from home limits your interaction with colleagues Negative affects computers have in your academic life †¢Less interaction with classmates †¢If your computer crashes you lose your assignments †¢Can be a d istraction for students (playing games etc. ) †¢Plagiarism Thesis: January 12, 2012 ENTRY 3: DRAFTING Evidence: Organization:

People are not free to make moral decisions Essay

Is it right to say that our actions are determined, or are they free? Hard determinists argue that when we make a moral decision, we have no free will. This is significant because if we do not choose our actions we cannot be held morally responsible. Given our experience of decision making this determinist position is hard to accept and perhaps the compatabilist approach of soft determinism is more valid. Soft Determinists recognise that we can make a decision freely that is coerced but the choices in themselves may be determined themselves. This contrasts with libertarianism, which states that we freely choose our actions and rejects determinism. To fully examine whether we are in fact free or not to make moral decisions, we must first analyse what particular factors affect our decision making. When we debate over a decision we consider/ weigh up our options, we know that we have a choice and only we can make that choice, this is known as a libertarian view. Libertarians believe that we have full responsibility of our actions and nothing else affects our decision, however genes, environment, lifestyle and our upbringing affect or sometimes might determine our choices. Determinism objects libertarianism and believes that our choices are influenced by factors other than the will of the individual, events and actions are predetermined by other events therefore freedom of choice is an illusion. Free will is the term made up of ‘autos’ meaning self and ‘nomos’ meaning rule. Many philosophers such as Kant say that you can only be responsible for actions that you undertake of your own will, this is opposed to Determinism. Libertarianism is the belief that humans are free to make moral choices and therefore morally responsible. â€Å"By liberty we can only mean a power of acting of not acting according to the determinations of the will†. David Hume. In the definition of libertarianism a distinction between the persons character or personality and his/or her moral self. It is this moral self or will that is free. â€Å"Your destiny is allotted to you, but you shall choose it for yourselves†. Plato. There are many arguments that support libertarianism, the most predominant of these being the argument from experience, this states that we all experience making choices, such as the very fact that I am sat here writing this essay is the result of a choice, I did have another option so I could’ve chose otherwise. We are also aware of going through a decision making process, we can weigh up our options and act upon this. Libertarians also believe in the necessary cause stating that for Y to happen X must have caused it, without X Y will not happen. This is a determinist understanding, However Libertarians recognise that causes are contingent and not necessary, they may or may not cause Y, this is a libertarian view. However opposed to this Determinists would argue that if free will exists then what actually causes our actions, surely our actions are caused by something, for example what about our past experiences and emotions? Also a determinist would argue is it part of human nature to assume that we are free and what exactly is moral responsibility, and how is this separate from our personality. If it comes from the soul then what causes the soul. Hard determinism states that people do not have free will to act in moral situations. It also states that everything has a prior cause which precedes it; everything is a product of the cause which is unchangeable and fixed. Therefore we cannot be held morally responsible or blameworthy for their actions because their actions are determined. When we think that we are making a moral decision, hard determinists believe that this is an illusion that we are free but in fact we are not and the decision that we made was already determined. John Locke’s example of the man in the locked room shows that we believe that we are free but we are actually not. However libertarians would argue that we had the choice whether or not to go into the locked room. Psychological determinism is another form of Hard Determinism. This suggests that our characters are determined by our upbringing and experiences. There are many influencing factors on human behaviour such as hereditary, society, culture and environment. Freud taught that our early years have impact on our actions in the future, there is also much evidence to support this view such as Pavlov’s dogs which operant conditioning demonstrates that we can mould our behaviour through rewards and sanctions, it also demonstrates how our behaviour is determined. However a libertarian would argue that just because you can condition one element of decision making doesn’t mean that all behaviour is determined, we always have a choice. Theological determinism is also another form of hard determinism. This is the view that the causal chain can be traced back to an uncaused causer, as shown in Aquinas’ Cosmological argument, and this uncaused causer is God. If God is, as suggested by Calvin through his predestination view which suggests that God has already determined a plan for us so we are either damned (going to hell) or elect (going to heaven) , an omnipotent and omniscient God then we cannot have free will as our actions must be predetermined because of this. There are many criticisms for this view that Libertarians would address as it conflicts with biblical teachings as in Genesis it states that God gave us free will and also for theological determinism to be accepted, libertarians would also argue that there is no proof of this God, so in their view we still have a choice. A form of Hard Determinism that contrasts and argues this view is scientific determinism; this approach states that science tells us that for every physical event there is a physical cause. If we consider the mind to be material activity in the brain, so then our thoughts are also pre determined. Another form of hard determinism is Biological determinism which states that our characters are determined by our genes, this is partly true as genes do give us our characteristics such as what we look like, even our IQ, all this can determine our behaviour for example the violent gene as evidence can be traced back to the genome (e. g. a violent gene recognised by the Italian supreme court). However libertarians would argue that because there is only 0. 2% variation in our DNA, so this doesn’t seem efficient enough to explain all the variations in human behaviour, it’s not just our genetic makeup that influences our behaviour, and they would argue that we always have a choice. Soft determinism states that we are morally responsible for our actions; this approach allows libertarianism and hard determinism to be compatible. It states that as long as no one forces you to make a decision then you are free, this can be described as internal freedom. However soft determinists make a distinction between internal and external causes, these explain why freedom and Jeremy moral responsibility are not only compatible with determinism but actually require it. Soft Determinism, unlike hard determinism, allows for moral responsibility, for example if person A does not save a drowning child because person A cannot swim, he is not morally responsible. However, if he chooses not to because of his personality, a combination of his conditioning, an upbringing and so forth, then he is to be held responsible. Soft determinists believe that all human actions are caused and when we say that a person acted freely we are not saying that there was no cause but rather they were not forced to do it, here they act as free agents even though their actions are still caused. A main philosopher associated with soft determinism is Hume whom was a soft-determinist. He stated that all things are necessary and believed that some things are uncaused or happen as the result of chance. Hume also believed that we are free, he goes on to say that we don’t blame people for things they do ignorantly, and blame them less for things that are not premeditated, and any sense of moral blame can only come if something we do is the result of our character. Hume believed that free will, and moral responsibility, require determinism. Soft determinists are criticised by hard determinists for failing to realise the extent to which human freedom is limited and also by libertarians for failing to recognise the true extent of freedom. Whilst Soft determinism offers a ‘middle ground’ between hard determinism and libertinism an agreeable account of moral freedom, a line still has to be drawn between that which is determined and that which is open to choice. The major fault with soft determinism is that they have to try and agree on what is a determining factor and what is not and the complexities of genetics, psychology makes such a line difficult for them to draw. So In conclusion, through the arguments expressed in this essay, I believe that perhaps a Soft Determinist approach is more susceptible towards moral decision making, as although it allows us to make our own decisions, they are to an extent determined due to numerous factors such as our upbringing, environment and culture, however it also allows us to accept responsibility for our actions whatever they may be.