Representation in “To kill a mockingbird” Essay

Mockingbird: The mockingbird represents innocence. Like hunters who kill mockingbirds for sport, people kill innocence, or other people who are innocent, without thinking about what they are doing. Atticus stands firm in his defense of innocence and urges his children not to shoot mockingbirds both literally and figuratively. The mockingbird motif arises four times during To Kill a Mockingbird. First, when Atticus gives Jem and Scout air guns for Christmas and instructs them not to kill mockingbirds. Second, when B.B. Underwood writes about Tom Robinson’s death in his column. Third, a mockingbird sings right before Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout. Finally, Scout agrees with Atticus that prosecuting Boo for Ewell’s murder would be like killing a mockingbird. Atticus: Father of Jem and Scout, Atticus Finch sits on the Alabama State Legislature and acts as Maycomb’s leading attorney. The epitome of moral character, Atticus teaches his children and his community how to stand up for one’s beliefs in the face of prejudice and ignorance by defending a black man, Tom Robinson, wrongfully accused of raping a white woman. Having lost his wife when Scout was two years old, Atticus devotes himself to his children despite criticism from family and neighbors who think his children lack discipline and proper guidance. Atticus stands as one of literature’s strongest and most positive father figures. As one of the most prominent citizens in Maycomb during the Great Depression, Atticus is relatively well off in a time of widespread poverty. Because of his penetrating intelligence, calm wisdom, and exemplary behavior, Atticus is respected by everyone, including the very poor. He functions as the moral backbone of Maycomb, a person to whom others turn in times of doubt and trouble. But the conscience that makes him so admirable ultimately causes his falling out with the people of Maycomb. Unable to abide the town’s comfortable ingrained racial prejudice, he agrees to defend Tom Robinson, a black man. Atticus’s action makes him the object of scorn in Maycomb, but he is simply too impressive a figure to be scorned for long. After the trial, he seems destined to be held in the same high regard as before. Atticus practices the ethic of sympathy and understanding that he preaches to Scout and Jem and never holds a grudge against the people of Maycomb. Despite their callous indifference to racial inequality, Atticus sees much to admire in them. He  recognizes that people have both good and bad qualities, and he is determined to admire the good while understanding and forgiving the bad. Atticus passes this great moral lesson on to Scout—this perspective protects the innocent from being destroyed by contact with evil. Ironically, though Atticus is a heroic figure in the novel and a respected man in Maycomb, neither Jem nor Scout consciously idolizes him at the beginning of the novel. Both are embarrassed that he is older than other fathers and that he doesn’t hunt or fish. But Atticus’s wise parenting, which he sums up in Chapter 30 by saying, â€Å"Before Jem looks at anyone else he looks at me, and I’ve tried to live so I can look squarely back at him,† ultimately wins their respect. By the end of the novel, Jem, in particular, is fiercely devoted to Atticus (Scout, still a little girl, loves him uncritically). Though his children’s attitude toward him evolves, Atticus is characte rized throughout the book by his absolute consistency. He stands rigidly committed to justice and thoughtfully willing to view matters from the perspectives of others. He does not develop in the novel but retains these qualities in equal measure, making him the novel’s moral guide and voice of conscience. atticus’s wisdom, Scout learns that though humanity has a great capacity for evil, it also has a great capacity for good, and that the evil can often be mitigated if one approaches others with an outlook of sympathy and understanding. Atticus Finch – Scout and Jem’s father, a lawyer in Maycomb descended from an old local family. A widower with a dry sense of humor, Atticus has instilled in his children his strong sense of morality and justice. He is one of the few residents of Maycomb committed to racial equality. When he agrees to defend Tom Robinson, a black man charged with raping a white woman, he exposes himself and his family to the anger of the white community. With his strongly held convictions, wisdom, and empathy, Atticus functions as the novel’s moral backbone. The father of Scout and Jem, Atticus is a lawyer and an extremely morally upright man who strives to deal with everyone fairly. Atticus is sometimes overly optimistic, but his unshakable hope in mankind and self-created role as the town ‘do-gooder’ sustain him. Atticus’ wife died when Scout was very small, and he has raised his children only with the assistance of Calpurnia, his black housekeeper and cook. Quotation: I remember when my daddy gave me that gun. He told me that I should never point it at anything in the house; and that he’d rather I’d shoot at tin cans in the backyard. But he said that sooner or later he supposed the temptation to go after birds would be too much, and that I could shoot all the blue jays I wanted – if I could hit ’em; but to remember it was a sin to kill a mockingbird. Well, I reckon because mockingbirds don’t do anything but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat people’s gardens, don’t nest in the corncrib, they don’t do one thing but just sing their hearts out for us. Atticus’s advice to Scout deals with his philosophy about tolerance, and how if you try and put yourself in another person’s place, one might better understand their reasoning. The title of To Kill a Mockingbird has very little literal connection to the plot, but it carries a great deal of symbolic weight in the book. In this story of innocents destroyed by evil, the â€Å"mockingbird† comes to represent the idea of innocence. Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence. Throughout the book, a number of characters (Jem, Tom Robinson, Dill, Boo Radley, Mr. Raymond) can be identified as mockingbirds—innocents who have been injured or destroyed through contact with evil. This connection between the novel’s title and its main theme is made explicit several times in the novel: after Tom Robinson is shot, Mr. Underwood compares his death to â€Å"the senseless slaughter of songbirds,† and at the end of the book Scout thinks that hurting Boo Radley would be like â€Å"shootin’ a mockingbird.† Most important, Miss Maudie explains to Scout: â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but . . . sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.† That Jem and Scout’s last name is Finch (another type of small bird) indicates that they are particularly vulnerable in the racist world of Maycomb, which often treats the fragile innocence of childhood harshly. His stern but fair attitude toward Jem and Scout reaches into the courtroom as well. He politely proves that Bob Ewell is a liar; he respectfully questions Mayella about her role in Tom’s crisis. One of the things that his longtime friend Miss Maudie admires about him is that â€Å"‘Atticus Finch is the same in his house as he is on the public streets.'† The only time he seriously lectures his children is on the evils of taking advantage of those less fortunate or less educated, a  philosophy he carries into the animal world by his refusal to hunt. And although most of the town readily pins the label â€Å"trash† on other people, Atticus reserves that distinction for those people who unfairly exploit others. Atticus believes in justice and the justice system. He doesn’t like criminal law, yet he accepts the appointment to Tom Robinson’s case. He knows before he begins that he’s going to lose this case, but that doesn’t stop him from giving Tom the strongest defense he possibly can. And, importantly, Atticus doesn’t put so much effort into Tom’s case because he’s an African American, but because he is innocent. Atticus feels that the justice system should be color blind, and he defends Tom as an innocent man, not a man of color. Our first-person narrator is Scout Finch, who is five when the story begins and eight when it ends. From the first chapter, though, it’s clear that Scout is remembering and narrating these events much later – after all, the second paragraph of the novel begins, â€Å"When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to [Jem’s] accidentâ⠂¬  (1.2). For the most part, Scout recounts the events from her childhood perspective, as she understood them at the time, rather than imposing an adult commentary. This makes the narrative perspective a naà ¯ve one: often we get descriptions of events just as she experiences them, without commentary on what they mean, or a commentary that is humorously innocent. But having the adult perspective be there in the background, even if it isn’t in play for most of the narration, means it can pop out when it’s needed to point out important things that the narrator realizes only later, to make sure that the reader sees them too. The strongest element of style is Lee’s talent for narration, called â€Å"tactile brilliance†. â€Å"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition. Lee combines the narrator’s voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman’s reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with  the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a â€Å"delightfully deceptive† story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout’s preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child’s perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout’s first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent. Scout narrates the story herself, looking back in retrospect an unspecified number of years after the events of the novel take place. POINT OF VIEW  · Scout narrates in the first person, telling what she saw and heard at the time and augmenting this narration with thoughts and assessments of her experiences in retrospect. Although she is by no means an omniscient narrator, she has matured considerably over the intervening years and often implicitly and humorously comments on the naà ¯vetà © she displayed in her thoughts and actions as a young girl. Scout mostly tells of her own thoughts but also devotes considerable time to recounting and analyzing Jem’s thoughts and actions. TONE  · Childlike, humorous, nostalgic, innocent; as the novel progresses, increasingly dark, foreboding, and critical of society MAJOR CONFLICT  · The childhood innocence with which Scout and Jem begin the novel is threatened by numerous incidents that expose the evil side of human nature, most notably the guilty verdict in Tom Robinson’s trial and the vengefulness of Bob Ewell. As the novel progresses, Scout and Jem struggle to maintain faith in the human capacity for good in light of these recurring instances of human evil. RISING ACTION  · Scout, Jem, and Dill become fascinated with their mysterious neighbor Boo Radley and have an escalating series of encounters with him. Meanwhile, Atticus is assigned to defend a black man, Tom Robinson against the spurious rape charges Bob Ewell has brought against him. Watching the trial, Scout, and especially Jem, cannot understand how a jury could possibly convict Tom Robinson based on the Ewells’ clearly fabricated story. CLIMAX  · Despite Atticus’s capable and impassioned defense, the jury finds Tom Robinson guilty. The verdict forces Scout and Jem to confront the fact that the morals Atticus has taught them cannot always be reconciled with the reality of the world and the evils of human nature. FALLING ACTION  · When word spreads that Tom Robinson has been shot while trying to escape from prison, Jem struggles to come to terms with the injustice of the trial and of Tom Robinson’s fate. After making a variety of threats against Atticus and others connected with the trial, Bob Ewell assaults Scout and Jem as they walk home one night, but Boo Radley saves the children and fatally stabs Ewell. The sheriff, knowing that Boo, like Tom Robinson, would be misunderstood and likely convicted in a trial, protects Boo by saying that Ewell tripped and fell on his own knife. After sitting and talking with Scout briefly, Boo retreats into his house, and Scout never sees him again.

Organic vs. Non-organic Food Essay

Bottom line, going green can cultivate envy. The public is constantly bombarded with the idea that organic products are better. Perhaps this is true, but maybe it is brilliant marketing simply selling a status symbol. Envy can come from a neighbor’s luscious, organically grown front yard to the hybrid vehicle a co-worker drives, to the organic foods that consumers in a higher financial echelon seem to be able to only afford. Is this envy justifiable or is the notion of organics and its superiority a tactic of propaganda to boost the already $30-plus billion industry even higher, according to Farm and Dairy’s April, 2012 article â€Å"Organic Food Sales†? Although proponents of organic food insist it is healthier than conventional food, non-organic foods are extremely comparable to its organic counterpart, possibly even more necessary. The United States has evolved into a powerful nation; one that boasts of freedoms, luxuries and an overabundance of practically everything. The United States is also a country which has a population that grows greater and greater each year. Reasons including the number of births outnumbering the number of deaths, as well as the number of immigrants coming to live the â€Å"American Dream. † According to the Census Bureau End-of-2011 estimate, â€Å"the United States will enter 2012 with a population of roughly 312. 8 million people† (Schlesinger, 2011, para, 1). This statistic takes into account one birth approximately every 8 seconds, one death every 12 seconds as well as one new migrant entering the country approximately every 46 seconds. As cited by Schlesinger (2011), this ends up with a population increase of over two million in 2012. This is a staggering number and would only increase over time. In his article â€Å"Point: Industrial Agriculture has Improved Farming for Hundreds of Years,† George Wright (2011) explains how the use of biotechnology and techniques such as caging animals used to increase the profits of agricultural industry is not a contemporary idea. Wright (2011, para. 7) states how â€Å"the use of biotechnology to produce food has been around for over 8000 years. † He gives examples such as enzymes being used to make foods like baked goods and dairy products. Wright also asserts that â€Å"biotechnology is expected to help agriculture by improving quality, nutrition, safety and the processing of raw crops,† (Wright, 2011, para. 7). Biotechnology is not a process that is new to the agriculture industry. Finally, Wright’s article (2011, para. 12) concludes that â€Å"with the world’s population at six billion and heading higher, there is no practical alternative to ‘industrial agriculture’. † He also points out that â€Å"agricultural innovations from industries such as biotechnology are advancing agricultural production,† (Wright, 2011, para. 13). In addition, Avery’s article â€Å"‘Frontline’ Perpetuates Pesticide Myths† (1993), Avert adds that â€Å"it is believed that if the world converts to organic systems of farming, by 2050 this system of farming will not be able to supply enough food for the population and will be responsible for massive amounts of deaths due to starvation. Another organic misnomer claims that organic livestock and plants are free from chemicals and unnecessary medications, unlike their non-organic counterparts. According to Nancy Sprague’s 2011 article, â€Å"Counterpoint: Organic Food is Unnecessary & the Current Food Supply is Safe†, there are a myths about organic food that are debunked. She discusses how organic foods are actually prepared and while comparing and contrasting it to the process non-organic foods go through prior to arriving at the grocery shelves. When discussing about the use (or lack thereof) of pesticides, Sprague (2011, para. 4) notes that â€Å"organic farmers can use pesticides from an approved list,† which contradicts the consumer’s belief that organic foods have not come into contact with any pesticides. Sprague goes further to state the toxins that the organic industry supposedly takes pride into avoiding are contaminants that actually cannot be avoided. Nitrates, chemicals and antibiotics are now found naturally within the environment due to â€Å"broad contamination of the earth’s natural resources† (Sprague, 2011, para. 4). The organic industry also asserts that the levels of hormones in non-organic meats are extremely high and in-turn dangerous to the consumers’ health. In fact, in Lester Aldrich’s (2006) article, â€Å"Consumers Eat Up Organic Beef Despite Costs, Unproven Benefits†, he finds quite the opposite conclusion. Aldrich discusses the results of a study by Gary Smith, professor of meat sciences at the Center for Red Meat Safety. This study analyzed and compared the levels of hormones found in two-3 ounce steaks, one each from an organic animal and one from a non-organic animal. The results were shocking. Smith’s compare/contrast analysis showed that there was an almost incomprehensible difference (on a nanogram scale) between the hormone levels from both the organic and non-organic samples,† (Aldrich, 2006, para. 29). Aldrich (2006) then compared these results to the levels of these same hormones to a typical birth control pill that is voluntarily consumed. The results showed â€Å"the average birth-control pill provides 35,000 nanograms of estrogen daily† whereas â€Å"a non-pregnant woman produces about 480,000 nanograms of estrogen, 240,000 nanograms of testosterone and 10. 1 million nanograms of progesterone daily,† (Aldrich, 2006, para. 30). The comparison is astounding and should put any worries about added hormones in our food to rest. Prior to pasteurization of food, people would die young due to food-borne illnesses. Avery (2002) opens his article â€Å"The Hidden Dangers In Organic Food† with â€Å"Products most people think are purer than other foods are making people seriously ill. † Avery’s (2002) article mentions how the invention of the refrigerator as well as simple procedures such as food refrigeration and washing ones hands before eating or making food would eventually keep food-borne illness to a minimum in the United States, although those individuals who were quite ill or weak would die if exposed to food-borne bacteria. Unfortunately, with all the claims of health, organic food is becoming more notorious for being served on a plate with food-borne illnesses such as salmonella, and now more recently, E. coli. Avery (2002, para. 1) cites the U. S. Centers for Disease Control stating â€Å"people who eat organic and natural foods are eight times likely as the rest of the population to be attacked by a deadly new strain of E. coli bacteria,† salmonella or fungus. According to Avery (2002), USDA offered organic famers a method that did not require either pesticides or pasteurization to protect the crops; irradiation. This process used low levels of gamma radiation to kill bacteria while maintaining the freshness of the food. Unfortunately, organic farmers were outraged and more than 200,000 protesters opposed the idea therefore the USDA removed this process from the final organic food standard (Avery, 2002). This has not been beneficial for public safety, as cited in Sprague’s (2011) where she points out that there have been several infections caused by E. coli in the United States during 2009 alone. Organic farming does have one huge positive aspect: it strives for self-sustainability and leaves a small carbon footprint in the environment. With that said, organic farms, regardless of whether or not its food can be proven to be healthier than conventional food, requires a much larger area of land mass to produce the same amount of food than that of a conventional farm. According to Avery (2002), â€Å"agriculture already takes up 36 percent of the world’s land surface. † Avery (2002) translates this to mean that by year 2050, short of a worldwide cataclysm, the world will need 2. 5 times more food output than what is needed today. Wilcox (2011, para. 26) states in her article â€Å"Mythbusting 101: Organic Farming > Conventional Agriculture† that until organic farming can contend with the output of conventional farming due to space needed without the ecological costs involved, the need for more space will be severely detrimental to the environment. † Organic farms help the environment on small, local levels. Unfortunately they do not produce the same amount of food that a conventional farm can; between 20%-50% below what a conventional farm of the same size will produce (Wilcox, 2011). Wilcox (2011) also emphasizes that with more advanced technology, organic farming may eventually be able to keep up with conventional food production, however, if more areas of the planet become transformed into organic farmland in the meantime, the planet’s natural habitats will begin to quickly deplete. Conventionally farmed foods and organic foods both have positive and negative aspects to their individual philosophies. Organic farming does not necessarily produce healthier food. Hormone levels in organic and non-organic foods are extremely similar and the lack of pesticides in organic food contributes to a higher frequency of food-borne illnesses. As much as this is true, the organic farm leaves a smaller carbon footprint than a conventional farm, which, in the long run will allow for the environment to sustain itself and be able to continue producing more food. With that being said, when going to the store to buy food, the consumer should make the conscious choice to purchase organic foods when it is affordable, in order to support and promote self-sustainable/organic farming. If the choice is made to buy conventional foods, the consumer should not feel guilty or worried the food is substandard to organic. There should be confidence knowing that USDA regulations are being followed by conventional farms to produce the highest quality food possible. ? References Aldrich, L. (2006, July 12). Consumers eat up organic beef despite costs, unproven benefits. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from htttp://search. proquest. com. proxy. devry. edu/business/docprintview/398944062/abstract/137 Avery, D. T. (1993, Apr 01). ‘Frontline’ perpetuates pesticide myths. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. proxy. devry. edu/business/docprintview/398370529/Record/1371 Avery, D. T. (2002, June 25). The hidden dangers in organic food. Retrieved from http://www. cgfi. org/2002/06/the-hidden-dangers-in-organic-food/ Sprague, N. (2011). Counterpoint: Organic food is unnecessary & the current food supply is safe. Points Of View: Organic Food, 3. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=trye&db=pwh&AN=43286301&site=pov-line Schlesinger, R. (2011, Dec 30). U. S.population 2012: nearly 313 million people. U. S. News and World Report, Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/opinion/blogs/robert-schlesinger/2011/12/30/us-population-2012-nearly-313-million-people Wilcox, C. (2011, July 18). Mythbusting 101: organic farming > conventional agriculture. Scientific American, Retrieved from http://blogs. scientificamerican. com/science-sushi/2011/07/18/mythbusting-101-organic-farming-conventional-agriculture/ Wright, G. (2011). Point: Industrial agriculture has improved farming for hundreds of years. Points Of View: Factory Farming, 2.

An interpretation of Love in ChangRae Lee’s “A Gesture Life”

Interestingly, â€Å"A Gesture Life† is certainly not the kind of story that portrays love in a typical manner. It is quite amusing that there are lots of ironies if love was to be discussed in this book . This essay will show the readers that the desire for love in â€Å"A Gesture Life† had ironically hindered the acquisition of love. The novel of Chang-Rae Lee was basically about probably the worst kind of tragedy there is, not being loved by everyone even by oneself. If we are to classify the different forms of love in â€Å"A Gesture Life,† there are lots of technical terms that are always related to the concept of love like agape, pragmatic love, eros, complex chemical reactions and terms like pheromones and dopamine, and lots of scientific terms that few of us comprehends. This essay will only employ types of love that is understandable by all for the purpose of keeping this essay from being too general. This essay will focus on the main character’s love for the other characters and concepts in his life. But the essay will not settle for mere descriptions of the protagonist’s love, it will show the reader how love had been distorted and given meanings by the traumas that the protagonist had suffered during the war. The first kind of love from the novel is the love for acceptance. The protagonist Hata, had been begging (although he didn’t express this explicitly) for acceptance from the people in his life and his neighborhood. Hata was too careful about everything he does in his neighborhood. That is because he doesn’t want to commit mistakes that could get him noticed. He wanted a low-profile life in his neighborhood because he has this assumption that he will be the target of discrimination in the community. But contrary to what Hata is thinking, the citizen’s of his community, Bedley Run, appears to like Hata, but in the way Hata wants them to like him. Hata was treated like an Oriental mascot because the people in Bedley Run seem to like him only for the differences he and most of the people in Bedley Run share. Hata speaks of his love for acceptance in his community, â€Å"†¦my assumption is that once I settle in†¦I will be treated like as people should be treated† (Lee 3).   His assumptions of being accepted was brutally debunked by what had transpired during his stay in Bedley Run, â€Å"It seems to me that people took a weird interest in making me feel that I am unwelcome† (Lee 3) Hata’s love for acceptance didn’t end with his failed attempt with his neighborhood. It appears that Hata’s love for his adopted daughter Sunny, whom he had adopted when he was still in Korea when Sunny was just a child. While Sunny was growing up, she and her father were having endless disputes. In the long run, Sunny ran away from home even when she was just a teenager. Later in the story, Hata will have the chance to make up with her daughter. Sunny went back to Hata and asks for support for she was pregnant. Irritatingly, Hata denied Sunny’s plea for support. Hata had prioritized more his and his family’s reputation more than the well being of her daughter. It appears that even though Hata loves her daughter, his family’s reputation weighs more than the affection of his daughter. This is Hata’s real and unfortunate dilemma. He had stated several times in the narrative that he loves her daughter very much, but still he is quite unable show his love. After this he will contemplate heavily as to why his life is devoid of love, he will contemplate heavily as to why his life is remote to the lives of the ones he dears most. Hata’s weird and unproductive approach to love will backfire at him at the most tragic of scenarios. Hata had accidentally brought his house on fire and he was hurt in the fire and was hospitalized. After that he was caught in a web of nostalgia, he reminisced about the time he served as a paramedic in an army camp in the pacific war. There he had fallen in love with a certain woman whom he calls â€Å"K† who was about the same age as her adopted daughter Sunny. He had loved K as genuinely a man could love a woman. He was even willing to die and kill for K as she had committed murder and Hata was willing to offer help in covering up. But then, just like in the bulk of the story, Hata’s love remains unrequited. K had viewed his love as having ill intentions. K thought that Hata was only after her youth and was only after sex. This tragic memory of Hata had some great effects in later in his life especially the relationships he had, especially with her daughter. In a weird but true manner, Hata’s kind of loves are real and unfortunately remains unrequited. Hata’s situation is what we see everyday happening to real people. That is just the truthfulness that made this story a success. The novel â€Å"A Gesture Life† may have been talking about the tragic life of Hata when it comes to love, but what it was actually talking about is how some people find it very hard to be loved just because they themselves find it hard to love others. In the story, Hata seems to be the kind of person who never knew the feeling of being loved. He has this hunger to be loved by the people around him. This for me is one of the reasons why many people find it easy to empathize with the character of Hata. Work Cited Lee, Chang-Rae. A Gesture Life. CA: Riverhead books. 1999

MODULE 4 DISCUSSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MODULE 4 DISCUSSION - Essay Example Actual temperature measurements that have been taken have shown consistency in both rural and urban areas. In this case, the temperature taken in weather station has also shown some consistency with those taken by satellites and other natural thermometers. As such, therefore, the myth that the global warming is only experienced in urban areas has been disapproved by science, Bryant (2009). It is important to note that 97% of scientists, researchers and climate expert are in agreement that human actions and inactions are causing the global warming. As such, it remains misinformation that scientists have not build consensus on various aspects that cause global warming. In this case, it is evident that different researches have supported the phenomenon, Bryant (2009). It is evident that just like other peak the Antarctica is losing its ice. There has been information that the Antarctica is gaining ice. However, evidence collected by satellite indicates that the measure of ice is decreasing at a accelerating rate. Again, information that the temperature measured is inconsistent. On the contrary, various researches have supported the measurement taken via satellites and natural thermometers. Though there is a myth that it has never warmed since 1998, it has been shown that 2010 was the hottest year. In addition, 2005 had the same hotness as

Social media plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social media plan - Essay Example In principle, numerous firms have embraced the intensive use of the internet for online business operations. The online market is already flooded with firms, which contest for brand recognition and customer loyalty. In addition, with the constant advancements in IT, internet marketing has opened numerous marketing prospects and has become the trend for a number of companies. Gaining competitive advantage being the target of every firm, a well-organized online marketing strategy is critical for the success of the French bookshop. The proposal assumes that the clients know the firm’s products and care about its products. The other assumption is that the Consumers know the products they want and have time to research on the available products. The plan also assumes that consumers will find the entire French Bookshop’s information on the digital landscape. In addition, the clients are assumed to make rational decisions in purchasing the firm’s products. The proposal also assumes that the clients will market the organization’s products by spreading the information about the products of the firm. Studies indicate increasing trends in the online markets within emerging economies. The use of the mobile devices and internet technology has also increased among the younger generation. The firm will take advantage of these inclinations to introduce new products in the target market and create a global brand for its new products (Kotler & Armstrong, 2013). Therefore, the target market for the French Bookshop will mainly consist of young people between the ages eighteen and forty years. The market will consist of individuals who are young, outgoing and full of life. In addition, the French Bookshop will utilize premium tactics to appeal to the specific consumer division thereby augmenting the volume of sales. Studies show that the younger populace between the ages of 24 and

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Islam - Essay Example Polytheism mostly in the form of animism was rampant among the Bedouin tribes in the pre-Islamic Arabia (â€Å"Culture and Religion†). Their tribes or families sold women in pre-Islamic Arabia to their husbands in exchange for dowry. Pre-Islamic Arabia had unlimited polygamy. Divorce among the Arabs of the pre-Islamic peninsula was a totally unregulated male prerogative. Women were granted no rights with respect to divorce. Women were not given anything from inheritance. People would bury their daughters alive. Despite the gender discrimination, forces of cultural unity in the tribal structure existed in the pre-Islamic Arabia. Qasidah was a special style of Arabic poetry that celebrated the ethos of honor and bravery of the Bedouins. It is the very existence of Qasidah, recited at tribal gatherings and market fairs that â€Å"has convinced historians that the Arabs of the seventh century possessed a common poetic language that could be understood in different regions of the peninsula† (Cleveland and Bunton

Hazardous Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazardous Materials - Essay Example The other factors include; population density, location of the highways, waterways railroads as well as the areas whose environment is affected by the incidents. The hazardous material incident representatives such as the local and state environmental agencies can be used to provide information concerning the assessment of factors pose as a threat to the environment. Confinement and containment are first lines of defense that are used at the early stages of the incidents that are aimed at minimizing risks to life and the environment. In addition, the natural and synthetic methods can be used to limit the rate at which materials are released. In case a reported incident is taking place in a building, a telecommunicator should seek information from a caller about the contents of the building and the area that surrounds it. It is imperative to ask about the type of business in a building because it could be as an indicator of the hazardous materials .This information should be directed to responding units. A caller should inform a responder on the location and the nature of the hazardous material when it is safe to do so (DeLisi, 2006). Placards are used to identify the substance that co

Five Stages of International Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Five Stages of International Development - Essay Example Phase number one is usually called Domestic Company. A business is regarded as a domestic company if its business operations are solely carried out in the nation where it originates. Its commodities are set for domestic market and the sourcing of factors of production is also domestic. A typical domestic company, thus, makes no dealings beyond its nation of origin’s boundaries. It, therefore, follows that such a business’ management is the easiest and domestically emanating challenges would also be resolvable with minimal effort. (Dlabay, et al, 2010 p263) Anaren Company befitted this description in year 2006. (forbes.com, 2006) The second phase of international development is Exporting Company. This business type has dependence upon the home-market merits like reputation as it opens wings to the external markets. Its major focus is on sales of its familiar commodities in a small number of foreign markets. Exporting businesses rely on their independent agents in the man agement of their operations in the foreign or even utilize distributors to do the same work. This is due to the fact that agents and distributors alike know the abroad based market places and thus success can be achieved through them with more probability. An example of a business in this stage is the Goscinski Enterprises which exports food commodities in three nations.

Ethical Codes and Particular Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Codes and Particular Cases - Essay Example McAliley’s ‘guilt or innocence’ but the court’s responsibility to remain keenly aware of its responsibility to remain consistent with dispensing justice. According to the case (Florida, 1997) Mr. McAliley filed:†   570 docket entries in the official Court records, including numerous Motions, Petitions, and Appeals by the Former Husband to which the Former Wife has been required to respond.†Ã‚  (No. 97-0418) The responsibility of the court, in this case, is to state precedent with respect to not actions but ‘causes’ of these five-hundred seventy or so filings. As in the case of Perich v Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Church and School (heretofore: US 533) (US 553), the object of interest is an ever-increasing invasion in citizen’s domestic (divorce) issues since around 1969. The court involving themselves in divorce, at the behest of the legislature through the ‘emancipation of the Bolsheviks [circa 1917]’ finds diff iculties dealing with complex marital issues; and rightly so. Whether or not Counselor McAliley overstepped his ‘Ethical’ position under the rules of proper conduct is not the issue. The issue is the case being filed ‘no-fault/minimal fault divorce’ in a Florida court in the first place. The meritorious or frivolous nature of Counselor McAliley’s is based squarely upon the opinion of the judge presiding. Court’s must be left measuring only the rule of law; not the sensitivities or emotional ebbs of flows of societal discontents. Lawrence v Texas (US 558) seems to have drawn the line between government inspection and the limits of personal freedom of choice. For this paper, efforts were made to access the â€Å"Oklahoma no-fault divorce Bill† of 1953 to pursue knowledge of legal precedent considering no-fault/minimal fault divorce. To date there is very little information. Before 1953 (in the USA), divorce was an institutional manner handled by the church or related institutions

Focus on a single management issue of an organisation (United Nation Essay

Focus on a single management issue of an organisation (United Nation or Interpol) - Essay Example While discussing the below mentioned case we can consider how different perspective of organization behavior comes into play to solve the issue, whether it was solved effectively or not and if not what extra can be done to solve it properly. The case study that we will be discussing is about the United Nations The United Nations: Competencies, Integrity and core value: Reform for the Future Organization Overview: Hanhimaki (2008), in his book gave a short but insightful introduction of the United Nations. According to his study â€Å"we the people of the United Nations† was the catch line behind the formation of the United Nations. It was founded in the year1945 with four major aims. These were; to ensure that no war takes place between the countries and there should be peace and harmony; ensure that people have faith in fundamental human rights all around the world in every country; It should ensue that international law being respected and followed by every country and final ly ensure a better standard of life and promoting social progress. The basic problem of the UN was there from the day one. Although, foundation of this body reduces the risk of another world war but it was unable have control over inter fights within the countries (Like in middle east Asia). The fundamental human rights were all time low in South Africa for a long period of time, but a not able to ensure that its law helps the people to overcome this issue. So , there are a few drawbacks and limitations also in the function of the UN. (Hanhimaki, 2008, pp. 1-3) Present concerns related to the UN : According to Mead (2012), presently Untied nation is a toothless organization, which is being flouted and ignored more often or not by different countries. The consequences of different resolution taken by the UN are almost nil. The greatest example of that is the recent visit of the UN team in Syria, where they're greeted with artillery barrages. Countries like Iran , North Korea give no importance to the UN’s resolution. According to him, the UN is less prestigious and less influential comparing to that of the 1940s and 1950s. Mead in his study pointed out following reason due to which the UN is becoming less important for the countries worldwide. These are, The toothlessness of its resolution as more and more government simply ignoring it (Mead, 2012). Incoherence of the UN: The function of the UN is based on one idea that the different governments of different countries are same in some real sense in some parameter, So the power of voting in the general assembly is same for example in case of India as well as Chad.With the increase of irrelevant and small states in the UN assembly, the effectiveness or importance of its decision started to lose its value (Mead, 2012). Outdated Policy and process are one of the major concerns of the UN. The security council of the UN is still based on 1945’s compromise between that’s time political powers like USSR, UK, and USA. China and France were not the major power that time. But at present the permanent members of the Security council of the UN are not the only great power’s of the world. Countries like Japan and India being the super power not the member of the UN, so they don't take the decision seriously (Mead, 2012). The UN is filled with the representative

My Drum Major Instinct Essay Example for Free

My Drum Major Instinct Essay Stalking is a very serious matter, despite society’s tendency to trivialize the experiences of many female victims. There have been numerous overlooked cases in which female victims have been stalked for various amounts of times and taken action to have the stalker removed, just to have him/her eventually come back up in some sort of manner. Many top box office hits have the clichà © plot of the stalker who murders the girl, but people don’t realize that stalking is a real problem many actually face. There have been quite a few of these incidents, maybe not resulting in murder, but still uncomfortable for women to deal with, close to my community. Just recently in Hamilton, Ohio, a sexual predator was arrested for counts of stalking teen girls by driving by their homes multiple times, texting them up to 80 times per day, and watching them exit school. This is why I want to take the initiative to be a drum major for peace, justice, and righteousness for women in surrounding communities who are dealing with unwanted contact or stalking. To be a drum major is to be a leader. Leaders take the time to go out of their way and stand up for what they believe in. Leaders take the initiative and set the standard for people to follow. To be a drum major for women, the first task is awareness. Anyone trying to get a point across must first make people aware of the problem and their cause for reaching out. The problem is that many women find themselves being stalked, file restraining orders, and still don’t get the justice they are searching for. Some women even change their whole identity to hide from their stalker in fear of getting hurt. To make people aware of this, one must take the initiative reach out to the common people. This might include going to churches, local meetings, or even starting my own organization to make people aware of the problem. The second thing I must do is writing and actually acting upon the problem. I must write to local officials, to state officials, and finally to the nation’s Congress. If I write letters to each of these, my point will be made. It would help to have other people on my bandwagon to help write, or maybe even sign petitions. That is where more awareness and reaching out come in. Once I get enough people to realize the problem is serious and that they could help save millions of women’s lives, then I would consider myself a leader in my cause. The final thing I must do to further my cause is to keep on with it. In order to be a drum major for peace, justice, and righteousness in my community for women, I must stick with my intentions and keep my values strong so that hopefully one day laws will be changed and justice will be served.

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay You are what you eat, and eating genetically modified food can harm your body. We are now living in an era where we tend to change everything to make it â€Å"better†, but eating genetically mutated food is not always the best option for everyone. Injecting hormones to the food that you eat everyday is bad for you because it affects 3 main aspects; health, environmental and economic. First of all I’ll start by informing you what genetically modified food really is. Genetically modified foods are those that come from an animal or vegetable origin that its genetic and chemical composition has been manipulated to increase its nutritional power or by making them more resistant to plagues. â€Å"GM foods are the ones that have been artificially changed by scientists in a laboratory. † The first GM for humans to eat was created on May 18, 1994, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of The United States authorized the commercialization of the first food with a strange gene, the modified food, created by a Californian company had the characteristic of having a retarded cycle of blossom. With this new technique of genetically modified food, scientists have achieved food to have certain characteristics. For example: plagues, herbicides and high temperature resistant, change in color and seedless food. â€Å"The first GM for humans to eat was created on May 18, 1994†, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of The United States authorized the commercialization of the first food with a strange gene, the modified food, created by a Californian company had the characteristic of having a retarded cycle of blossom. At the moment, the most common mutated foods are vegetables and fruits, and the most consumed by the people. Some examples of these can be: corn, tomatoes, potatoes, lemons, lettuce and more. Some reasons of why scientists think that mutated food is good for you may be Like almost everything, GM has its advantages and disadvantages, but in this case the side that is supposed to be the advantages, are really not that accurate or efficient like they say they are. This food that is modified at a genetic level, are better and have a greater quality that any other food of this type, but, at the same time by trying to make them resistant to plagues, the poison that has been implanted in his genes to kill the plagues, so the plants are going to have poison running inside them, poison that if it kills insects, it may affect our health in some way. This poison, related with the natural selection that does every species more and more strong. So, if an insect does not resist the poison that has certain plant anymore, this insect was evolving up to such a point of becoming immune to this poison. And if to the plant poison gets more, the insect every time will return mas and mas resistant to this one; and as immediate consequence of this, it might cause the total destruction of the plants that do not have this type of poison in his interior, stopping unprotected totally to the normal plants, of any assault of these new super plagues. Now that you know why scientists do this, I? ll tell you the mayor disadvantages of this process. Some of the risks that develop from the usage and consuming of GM affect our health, the environment, and the economic aspect. One of the health problems that can cause is to create a high allergic reaction of the substances that this kind of food has inside. Also, as more substances are inside the food the we eat, the more we are to become immune to the kind of substances or â€Å"antibiotics that they contain. It affects the environment because the high usage of herbicides in food affects the soil. And it also affects the economic aspect because it take more money to invest in GM food, rather than in normal food. In summary Genetically Modified food is food that has injected substances to make it better or to have some specific outcome that scientists wanted it to have. But in my opinion this substances inside the genes of the food is bad for people to consume. It can affect you in aspects like health, environmental and economic. To sum up, now that you know about transgenic products and their risks I hope that you consider all of what I just said In conclusion, genetically modified food is bad for your health, we should always be aware of the thing we eat everyday and try no eat more fresh food rather than prepared ones. Start by taking care of yourselves and others; stay healthy. Bibliography -Consumers with Allergic Reaction to Food: Perception of and Response to Food Risk in General and Genetically Modified Food in Particular, Galina Gaivoronskaia and Bjorn Hvinden, Science, Technology, Human Values , Vol. 31, No. 6 (Nov. , 2006), pp. 702-730 -Goodrich Schneider, R. (2007). Genetically modified food. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Florida, Tampa, Florida. Retrieved from http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu/fs084 -Collins, Ted. GM Foods. CBBC News round (2010): n. pag. Web. 18 Nov 2011.

Proposal For The New Travel Agency Tourism Essay

Proposal For The New Travel Agency Tourism Essay The new travel agency business for luxury seeking focuses in supplying entire end are little, personal trips (maintenance). There is a general, full service travel, which can persuade the rudimentary desires of both business and leisure markets and travel into the future. These services may encompass air, ground transport, cruise and inns, as well as tips and exceptional trips. With effectively no trading efforts, this new travel agency business aims to deal many of vacation adventures. Sales of protection principles and other services will be supplemented and probably add more. It will offer a full variety of services to support adventurous traveler, encompassing briefings before and after vacations, travel protection, as well as a book or directions of services exact to each place traveled to and activity. In supplement, it boasts a full variety of added services to support adventurous traveler, double-checking that they have a pleasing and memorable. These services encompass protection, pre-and post-vacation bundle data and book or directions of recommendations and data services exact to each place traveled to and excursion activities. It would like to encourage its services utilizing the customary procedures of public relatives, and Internet activities. In customary public relatives include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Press Releases à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advertising Company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Articles of the periodical In the Internet, the business can supply new excursion on the Internet or for e-newsletter. Functioning beliefs of the business is trading to focus, supplying an effective service utilizing expertise and a restricted number of employees. Capitalization on his know-how, he may suggest and direct purchasers on the kind of gear that will require to travel, to make the most of their vacation Purpose of the business . The development of this new one travel agency to help the keeping of clients, while sustaining the essence of the junction agency of dealers and power over increasing prices. Prepare a high grade of clientele approval in the industry. Segment and goal luxury travelers in the district of travel. Mission The mission of this new business is to offer exclusive trips and luxury travel know-how for the market niche for the perceptive clientele, which directs to their approval, as evidenced by the replicate alignment as well as affirmative response by phrase of mouth. This Travel Agency Business hunts for to differentiate you as a professional in the area of luxury travel and be identified for spectacular service and foresee desires and yearns of their clients. And, in future procedures, are committed in smart persons will not only obtain those services, but those who give it, relish the know-how and goods, as well as all to be joyous with the expert first-class service. General market area The total locality of the market of a new travel agency business is to evolve and sustain strategic alliances with service providers nationally and internationally, and the tourism professionals to conceive new sales passages for businesses. It will offer several older goods to which clients will travel memorable. His aim will be on supplying a full variety of services, focused in their purposes have deep information of recreation and excursion that are offered. Market study displays that the major condemnations of his kind of customers living travel bureaus that their representatives are not cognizant of their goods, they easily open and read the catalog to convey one of the numerous travelers are disappointed. Basic organizational design New business travel agency is a business that focuses in little packages luxury travel for perceptive consumers. It will work with 2 database to advance clientele service over the homeland and internationally. The founders and workers of this assembly of skilled travelers and travel bureaus who are to blame travel, adept and fervent about the services that the travel agency for the development and supply. The business has reconsidered its approximates of functioning charges and evolved an allowance for the first year of operation. Expenditure is mostly dedicated to trading and functioning costs and administration are limited. Initially, the business will use advisors to assist travel the mechanical facets of the tourism commerce, but running a website administration business, subject to the public displaying commerce, required to run the travel agency. To boost market share and boost emblem perception, the trip will be suggested primarily at the grade just underneath the market rate. Thus, short-term earnings from the procedure should be reduced to medium. Where commerce has conceived a groundwork of trusted clients and emblem perception has expanded, permitting the business to lift charges trips at market rates, functioning earnings margin is anticipated to increase. Industry and Market Analysis In the tourism business, more and more, the business will aim on the tourism market of purposeful luxury travel. Its major clients are persons, twosomes and assemblies with a high cost that the proximity of recreation and travel not less than one time a year. Looking for the supreme travel know-how, your clients demand high value undertakings and places to stay the largest grade of service (Renshaw, 2007). The business designs to deal its services through a Web sheet, Internet advocating and public relations. This travel agency will offer incorporated infrastructure expertise that presents smart investigation of travel facts and numbers, permitting businesses to maximize come back on their buying into travel. For travelers, this will supply a reliable service and a broad variety of assets to assist them stay persuaded, creative and concentrated on their enterprise objectives. An assessed tendency in tourism is expanding deregulation. Deregulation has expanded the requirement for diff erentiation and, in numerous situations, decreased charges on airline permits and other travel associated services (Marian, 2002). Additional tendencies encompass limits on the establishment of a charge by most foremost airlines, a boost in excursion travel, and decrease profits. Many promise clients are not certain of the location they desire to achieve. The business will save time and cash from clients and assist double-check that they are persuaded with their visit. It will supply comprehensive and unaligned travel recommendations permitting our purchasers get access to a broad variety of tourist services and goods, the most relevant. It will offer large savings on air travel in enterprise class in most airline flights. It has the promise and get access to the best of tariff bindings on the market. Excellent sales abilities needed for their activity. Thus, all will be completely taught sales. In supplement, each month, it will ascertain each other observing the undertakings of tr ading half of the day and supply response on the power and flaws in skills. It will furthermore be utilising the scheme, communicate administration, which will supervise the effectiveness of diverse advocating schemes and distinct trading messages. The key to its strategic benefit is to have higher facts and numbers about prospects and customers. Competitive analysis This new business is a new travel agency that is found in a locality that focuses on the diverse excursion vacation. Nevertheless, there are numerous excursion travel businesses in the capital and lesser towns that could contend with that association, to supply holiday travel packages of adventure. Although the expert excursion travel agencies, for example a business, we have applied, only 15% of the market, 65% of clients will use them again. The aim is to boost that percentage through our value services. This is a new travel agency business will have a good comparable investigation and comparable benefit over other possibilities in this market by supplying little parcels more exclusive clientele visits of these assemblies have close individual vigilance from hosts travel. It will evolve this place from 1 to 1 communicate with promise clients individual communicate with an dignified travel agency, whose prime goal assembly of our market and broad-based programs come to a kind of newspapers, exceptional happenings, as well as interactive, full-service Web site. This new business will have all facets of travel expertise at his disposal (George, 2003). Key achievement components for the functioning of this new project will assist to the work as a travel agency that focuses in luxury travel segment in the tourism commerce and the development of replicate enterprise from a groundwork of trusted, persuaded customers. This class of travel is alike to numerous others. There will be a large-scale nationwide systems, little home-based enterprises, consolidators on the Internet, etc. Membership rates for some travel associated associations give some suggestion of the number of participants in this market. Operations At the starting of the procedure will comprise of two constituents of the public and professionals in the area of tourism and a board constituent, which focuses in trading and Internet technologies. A usual transaction will take location as follows: The agency will communicate the promise clientele to find the site. The agency will have all the essential data required to aid the purchaser profile on the site. Database Consulting Business cruises are accessible encompassing the applicable facts and numbers as input facts and numbers, charge, accessibility, and trips of the dock, the agency can agree clients require to cruise. Booking data by e-mail is also a key task of this new business. Confirmations will be dispatched to the client. The agency will be to blame for correct storage and assemblage of payments for goods. Wholesale dwellings will be begun to purchase large amounts of permits and trading online at discount prices. Marketing concept During the present time span of fast financial development, this new enterprise travel agency will depend on numerous significant possibilities in the area of tourism. In full engrossment on the tourist market, will offer a restricted set of sophisticated packages, but depart, as well as supervising their services rich professionals, it can rendezvous the desires of its customers. His information and know-how will travel excursion to rendezvous and pass their clients are competitors. This will conceive personalized travel itineraries for purchasers and supply the most entire, informative service excursion travel. Offering a full variety of services, this business can differentiate itself from its competitors. It is established in the heart of the city. The natural attractiveness and a plenty of outdoor undertakings appeal numerous fitness-oriented. Per capita, the district has more persons than any other in the homeland is dynamically engaged in hill and water sports for example skiing, ascending, kayaking, rafting, hill biking, etc. These persons are the goal market of this company. It will aim on the sale and advancement of excursion travel, mostly to personal persons, but furthermore for business purchasers in the region. Human Resources HR will permit clients to navigate the often time-consuming, so the most productive means for travel from the issue of outlook of convenience and cost. In this case, they should sort large volumes of data, with the outlook said that the mean traveler may not have. This business will offer a kind of places in all parts of the tourism industry. Recruitment services covering enduring, provisional and agreement work Travel and centre competencies for the teaching trip. HR purposes of the business will be the principle with consider to recruitment and assortment, disciplinary methods, remuneration principle is the acknowledgement that human assets design and teaching and development, but furthermore all purposeful localities of HR will be coordinated and correlated in alignment to fit into an general enterprise strategy. This scheme HR Travel Agency is a comprehensive design in relative to the implementation of exact HR purposeful areas. Human Resource strategic design the business will require data about where the business likes and how HR undertakings to support the companys goals. Integration of human asset administration with business goals and objective will assist to the general goals of the company. Thus, the rudimentary human resources function will be to create strategic design to capture the people components and how they concern to the future achievement of the company. The business carries the tourism commerce of expert formation of the primary staff. The adviser will be the companys vegetation in 5 days. During this time span, the consultant: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training employees in rudimentary methods and directions of the cruise commerce à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Staff teaching on sales methods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Systems Supervisory Board The Company accepts as factual that this time span of groundwork and the companys computer schemes will supply expanded effectiveness when possible.

“The Right Stuff”- Might Be the Wrong Stuff After All Essay examples --

â€Å"The Right Stuff†- Might Be the Wrong Stuff After All David Suzuki’s essay â€Å"The Right Stuff† provides an interesting look at the need for sex education in high schools. Suzuki’s main assertion is the sex education needs to be taught in high school because it is not properly covered anywhere else and students will because interested in science class should sex education be taught first. Suzuki argues that impressions formed in high school are ones that last longer than at any other time in life. In addition Suzuki points out that teachers should start their science classes with human sexuality, which will act as a stepping-stone into other science, related topics. Unfortunately Suzuki fails to provide strong arguments to support his thesis. Suzuki enlightens his audience with his own personal narration however it does not allow for his main points to be argued to the best extent. Also he commits a logical fallacy, which in turn takes away from trying to prove the thesis. All in all Suzuki could use some vast imp rovements on this particular essay. The majority of this essay was based on Suzuki’s personal narration. Although it may be possible to convey a message properly using narration it is not effective when trying to attest a thesis such as this. Suzuki focuses too much on what happened in one small town up north and he forgets that not everyone is the same. In addition he should consider that the students may have been â€Å"dead silent and attentive† because of the fact that...

Do Gender Influence the way people view optical illusions? :: essays research papers

Problem: Does gender influence how people view optical illusions? Background: The brain takes cues from images received from the eyes to help it interpret what is being seen. Usually this is important for things like depth perception, but occasionally it leads us astray. The cues make us think we see something that isn't true, or isn't even there. Light waves enter your eye and then enter photoreceptive cells on your retina. The image that forms on your retina is flat, but you see a world of shape, color, depth, and motion. Retinal images are flat representations on a curved surface. Most of the time, we perceive an accurate world of depth, surfaces and objects. Retinal images are open to more than one interpretation. For all retinal images, there are a large variety of possible three-dimensional structures that can be seen. We usually see the correct image, but sometimes a mistake is made. This is when an illusion occurs. The fact that we can see the correct three-dimensional information from a visually ambiguous (open to more than one interpretation) two-dimensional image means that some very powerful restraints must be put on our interpretations of two-dimensional images. These restraints must also account for many illusions. Illusions are a tool for revealing restraints that mediate vision and perception. In some cases, illusions take place because the restraints for interpreting an image are ambiguous. Your visual system can interpret the image in more than one way. Even though the image on your retina remains constant, you don’t see an odd mixture of the two images. Normally, this does not happen because your visual system has developed many different ways to resolve ambiguity. Visual perception is essentially an ambiguity-solving process. This process is called "inverse optics." The visual system is also highly adaptive. It should be understood that both evolution and learning contribute to visual capabilities. Scientists have experimented with these rules to produce illusions

Free Macbeth Essays: The Importance of Sleep -- Free Essay Writer

The Importance of Sleep in Macbeth  Ã‚      The image of sleep is consistently mentioned in Macbeth with the intention of creating a symbolic importance.   Macbeth himself notes that the sleep he discusses with us, is that that ‘knits up’, meaning the sleep which smoothes out and pieces together. Macbeth recites this after he has spoken to Lady Macbeth directly after he committed the bloody murder of King Duncan.   He cried, ‘Sleep no more!’ to all the house:’Glamis hath murder’d sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more!’ He frantically and almost deliriously raves, which highlights his conscience, is already bothering him.    The image of sleep is symbolized by Shakespeare to highlight one of the plays themes, conscious.   In reality sleep rests the mind, refreshes the mind and eases a person allowing them to function normally.   It is a fact that a person cannot survive without sleep†¦Ã‚   And Macbeth as well as Lady Macbeth’s characters demonstrate this.   They both will never be at peace again†¦&nb...

Digital Literacy Making Us Smarter

Technology has had its significant effects to society and it is slowly changing how people live nowadays. There is no doubt that it has made lives easier, at times simpler, but this does not mean that it always has positive outcomes. One of the examples that technology has bring about negative effects to society is how it is affecting literacy and how people appreciate reading in the traditional sense.Author Christine Rosen, in her work entitled â€Å"People of the Screen,† indicates that technology has now allowed people to replace books with electronic readers and the Internet so much so that traditional printed books might become a thing of the past. The thought of digital literacy replacing print literacy is alarming because it means depending too much on technology when the need to replace it is not that significant. While technology is definitely making people more capable, there is a question whether it does make them smarter.Screen reading is definitely different from traditional reading even though some people may agree to this. â€Å"By contrast, screen reading, a historically recent arrival, encourages a different kind of self-conception, one based on interaction and dependent on the feedback of others. It rewards participation and performance, not contemplation† (Rosen â€Å"People of the Screen†). Screen reading, thus, makes people smarter regarding technology and the different skills it needs to work.Screen reading requires people to look at monitors, push buttons, and scroll mouses over. It requires people to know how to navigate the devices, programs, or softwares to participate. â€Å"Screen reading allows you to read in a â€Å"strategic, targeted manner,† searching for particular pieces of information† (Rosen â€Å"People of the Screen†). However, there is question if this type of reading really does stimulate their minds and instills in them what they have just read on the screen.Screen reading is en tirely different from the traditional reading because it allows the reader to imagine and let his or her mind work actively while reading. â€Å"You enter the author’s world on his terms, and in so doing get away from yourself. Yes, you are powerless to change the narrative or the characters, but you become more open to the experiences of others and, importantly, open to the notion that you are not always in control† (Rosen â€Å"People of the Screen†).In addition, books enhance the readers' reading experience because it is tangible and allows the readers to turn the pages, feel its thinness or thickness, and see for themselves how far along they are from finishing it. While books are bulky, there is a great feeling of seeing them stacked together, especially in libraries, and see first-hand how much a person has collected over the years of reading. People should decide whether they want to replace digital literacy with print literacy.â€Å"Literacy, the most e mpowering achievement of our civilization, is to be replaced by a vague and ill-defined screen savvy. The paper book, the tool that built modernity, is to be phased out in favor of fractured, unfixed information. All in the name of progress† (Rosen â€Å"People of the Screen†). Digital literacy is important because of the significant role that technology is playing in people's lives today but this does not mean that it is better than the traditional way. While it makes people adapt to the changing of times, it certainly does not make them smarter or more literate.

History Answers Essay

1. Liberalism is an ideological view that makes the individual, rather than the family, the nation, the crown, the state or the faith, the center of society. Human beings, on various grounds, are held to have rights that protect the individual from the state and other people. It arose concomitant with industrialism and capitalism, that is, the destruction of the high development of the feudal order from the aftermath of the black death onwards. It has its roots in the mercantile city states of Italy, especially Florence. As a matter of course, one can hold that liberalism had two branches, one based on natural rights, and traces its roots back to John Locke, and one based on utility, tracing its roots back to Hobbes and Adam Smith. The former option holds that rights need to be anchored in metaphysical principles such as natural law, or theological principles, such as God and His providence. This has the advantage of holding rights apart from social life and the state, in that they do not derive from the state or from society, but must be protected by them. In this view, the state has its origin in the protection of natural rights according to the will of God for mankind. Hence, there is always room for rebellion, in that the state has a very specific reason for being. If this is violated, then the state loses its legitimacy and can be overthrown (Hobhouse, 1964). On the other hand, the utilitarian wing rejects metaphysics as such. At least, it holds that there is no need for metaphysics, since all talk about rights and natural law actually concern utility: it is better for society if the state protects various rights, it produces happier citizens and greater production and loyalty. With this approach, one need not have recourse to metaphysics or theology, in that all of this, in actuality, is simply a more complex way of speaking about pleasure in general: a society that protects rights will be better, in the sense of producing more happiness, than one that does not (Hobhouse, 1964). But by the beginnings of the industrial revolution in England, the Scottish school of political economy came into its own. Coming from David Hume, Adam Smith rejected the metaphysical basis of rights, and in fact, rejected rights talk in all forms. Instead, he created a sophisticated model of utilitarian liberalism in the â€Å"invisible hand† of market forces. The system likely reflected what was already going on in the mercantile societies of the Netherlands or England, but it holds that human passion is the driving force of society. This passion largely centers around greed: the desire for gain and a good reputation. But this not be an evil if channeled into a proper direction. The free market is this channel. The market idea says that if competition were freely allowed to flourish, greedy people would be forced to produce good products that people actually want, at a price they are willing to pay. If they refuse to do this, the market will shift its money to those equally greedy people who do. Hence, greed is channeled into healthy outlets, and the society is served: demand is satisfied and people pay what the demand requires, rather than the price dictated by the producer. Here, a fully free economy, based on the preferences of the market in a given society, can be based, not on rights, not on God or natural law, but on human passion, but a passion that is scientifically channeled to a place where it can be put to good use. 2. European powers built a large colonial empire throughout the world in the late 19th century. By this time, the Spanish had lost most of their colonies in Latin America, but the British, the French and the Dutch colonized much of Africa and Asia, largely as a way of gaining access to raw materials, new markets and as a means of settling excess populations (Cain, 2001). In general, after the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian war and the ravages earlier of Napoleon, England remained at the sole major source of industrial wealth. While this motivated England to continue to expand its power into Africa and Asia, the continental powers were forced to continue the search for colonies in order to keep up. Germany was the poorest in this regard, having few colonies until the beginning of World War I, forcing the Germans to use internal resources to industrialize under the monarchy that was, at this time, involved in unifying Germany as a sort of â€Å"internal colonization† while the Austrians were busy exploiting their many subject peoples, playing one ethnic group off against another. So for the German speaking peoples, colonization was internal. For the Netherlands, Belgium and England, this was not an option, and therefore, the expansion of European mercantile interests expanded outward. The British, for their part, were concerned about the expansion of Russia to the south. Russia, only partially a European power, was also a late comer, along with Germany and Austria, to the industrial age. But Russia’s concern was porous borders to the south, which were fortified against the attacks on her territory by the Islamic powers of Central Asia and even in the Caucuses, partially armed by the British so as to stop any further Russian expansion into Central Asia. The Chinese had the advantage early on with the British, since they would only accept hard cash from the British imperialists. Unlike much of the third world, China was relatively well developed, and for a time was able to resist British expansionism. The British tactic adopted to deal with these issues, to break down the will of the Chinese to resist, was Opium, harvested from India and imported into China. The drug was legal in England, where it was popular, but many nationalist Chinese saw the spreading opium addition both as British ploy as well as a means of weakening Chinese society. Both were true. Chinese resistance to British policies in respect of Opium and the exploitation of the Chinese market and resources, led to two wars over these questions with the Quing monarchy (Chesneaux, 1977). In general, the purpose of the new imperialism was to maintain protected markets and cheap raw materials in the conquered countries. This was a way of having an edge over their European competitors. Russia and Germany were not involved in this race (they had far different concerns), but was largely a mercantile and financial policy of the more â€Å"advanced† European powers of the Netherlands, England and France. 3. Japan was more successful in modernization than China. The Meiji reforms were motivated by the desire to stand up to both American and British trading missions and military forces that defeated the Chinese in the British inspired Opium Wars. The state was centralized in Japan, and very quickly, a rapidly developing Japanese state, without any home resources, expanded as a colonial force in imitation of western models (Korniki, 1998) Japan’s development, rapid as it was, was a response to the gradual erosion of the power of the Chinese monarchy under British pressure in this same period. The fact is that Japan was not going to let Opium destroy her people, and hence, as is often the case, increasing social discipline and a centralized government were the Japanese response to the problem. This approach was one of the causes of the Civil War of 1877, but the victory of the modernist forces ensured that japan was now going to become one of the east’s great powers (Korniki, 1998). The powers that took over Japan were of two kinds: the first, the military leadership taken from the clans that favored modernization and second, the emperor himself, partially under the thumb of the military but also a power in his own right. This coalition stabilized Japanese society in this era, providing it with the peace necessary to develop into a major industrial power. To some extent, the British were involved in investing in this new state, in that the Japanese were seen in London as a necessary counterweight both to Russia and the possibility of a revival of Chinese fortunes. Hence, while the Japanese developments after 1877 were impressive, British investment must also be considered. It must be mentioned that Japan was treated as more or less an equal partner with the British rather than as a subject, partially because of the undeniable strength of the Japanese state, but also due to their value in dealing with eastern Russian expansion. This policy will bear fruit in the Russo-Japanese war of 1905-1906. But the real issue was the connection between British politics, the oligarchy in Japan and the emperor, to some extent the puppet of both. The military leaders who emerged from the 1877 war victorious realized that China was the anti-type of proper Asian development. As China lost its central authority, saw its economy fall into the hands of both the Rothschild and Sassoon bankers, the Japanese realized two things: first, that a coalition, rather than a battle, with England was necessary, and second, this coalition must be used to modernize and centralize the Japanese state, hence preserving it from colonization. But from these two realizations, it also was obvious that Japan was to become a colonizing power of its own, and in fact, took part of eastern China in this process. It is obvious because Japan, without local resources, was forced to find them in Korea and China (Korniki, 1998) 4. The end of World War I saw the fall of the German, Austrian, Turkish and Russian royal houses. It saw the creation of the USSR and Yugoslavia as attempts to reorganize society. Germany was blamed for the war by the British and French and had most of its industry liquidated and sent to the victorious powers. The Germans also had to pay huge reparations for â€Å"starting† the war (a doubtful hypothesis). Germany was humiliated, and the weak republican government was ripe for both communist and fascist takeovers. Hitler won fair elections as head of state over a prostrate and violated country. Most of Hitler’s inner circle were former World War I combat troops. Reindustrialization and rearmament to defend Germany from Stalin’s USSR was a major motive for Hitler’s plans. The rise of Hitler is understandable given the level of humiliation the Germans felt at this time. They were economically, militarily and emotionally scarred and destroyed. A strong leader with both socialist and nationalist political leanings was going to do well, especially after the communists had taken over in the USSR, Bavaria, and Hungary (these latter two for a short time, see below). Hitler was the only force in Germany politics preaching the popular doctrine of simply rejecting Versailles. This is largely what got him elected (Kershaw, 2000). But economically, France, Britain, Russia and Germany were prostrate. Yugoslavia was an attempt to pool the resources of the souther Slavs in order to compensate for this. Turkey was no longer a major power. France and England entered into a relationship in order to control Germany for the long term. America became the dominant force in European politics, and her late entry into World War I and the amount of money she forwarded to England against Germany made certain that the US was now a dominant partner on both sides of the Atlantic. At the same time, the state terror of the USSR under both Lenin and Stalin forced the European powers to also fear the huge Russian giant, and enough emigres from the USSR were in western Europe (especially Paris) to explain to European powers what exactly the Soviet revolution had in store for them. Hitler rearmed not so much in respect of England (to which the Fuhrer had a grudging respect), but against the â€Å"savage Asians† from Russia. Therefore, a rearmed and powerful Germany was able to bring country after country into her economic orbit long before Hitler’s policy of military expansion took place. Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and even Greece were under Hitler’s control long before the mid 1930s, since either the USSR or Germany was offered to them as a trading partner. Most, quite rationally, looked to Germany for protection against Stalin. They were proven right when the latter, after World War II, built his own police states in eastern Europe. One might conclude that World War I sapped the strength of democratic government in Europe, and to add to the carnage, the Depression starting in Europe in 1930 also proved democracies not up to the task: both Stalin and Hitler took control of their respective economies and grew them tremendously, far and beyond the struggling British and American states, hence showing democracy, at least at that time, as an inferior option to the ideological politics of Berlin and Moscow, they at least had growing economies and full employment. The west could not say that (Wrigley, 1993). 5. Hitler viewed the Jews as a fifth column for Soviet expansionism. The short-lived and unpopular People’s Republic of Bavaria was run by several Jews: Kurt Eisner, Franz Lipp, Eugene Levine and Ernst Toller. The brief life of Soviet Hungary was run by four Jews: Bela Kun (Kohn), Antal Dovcsak Jeno Landler, and Matyas Rakosi. Hence, Hitler feared the Jews as being loyal to the USSR and Marxism and hence, treated them as criminals (Kershaw, 1993). Therefore, Hitler’s loathing of the Jews did not derive from his believing they were â€Å"inferior,† or a natural slave race, but solely from their being disproportionately involved in Marxist governments and states from the USSR to central Europe. Hitler’s policies make no sense unless seen in this light. While this might be uncomfortable to some, historical truth does not concern itself with comfort. For various reasons, the urban Jews of eastern Europe were heavily involved with Marxism as a means, most likely, of controlling nationalism. As a result, nationalist movements throughout central and eastern Europe were harshly opposed to Jewish political power as such, though the nationalist movement in Spain did not share this view. But Hitler’s final solution had another source, a source rarely dealt with in the literature, a little known deal called the Transfer Agreement. When Edwin Black wrote the first major work on this topic in 2001, it received mixed reviews. But a little later, few were able to argue with its conclusions. This book relates, using almost solely primary documentation, how Hitler made an agreement with the small but influential Zionist movement of Germany to move the Jews to Palestine. In return, the Zionists openly supported Hitler and his early rise to power. Black holds that the street violence between Nazis and Communists were particular harsh on the Jews (who normally backed the Communists), and, slowly, the Jews were purged from most professional positions. But Black says that the Zionists of Germany saw an opportunity. Attacks on Jews, to the Zionist mind, were not unexpected, since Jews were indeed aliens in Europe. Jews were Asians, not white, and hence, were strangers in Europe. Anti-Semitism was a natural reaction to this, and hence, morally neutral. The only solution was to unite with Hitler to promote the move of Jews out of Germany to Palestine (Black, 2001, esp ch 7). Hitler organized banks, currency transfers and generally greased the skids to facilitate Jewish emigration to Palestine. Of course, since the fall of the Ottomans, the British controlled Palestine. Hence, the agreement, while it would have saved many Jews from a gruesome fate, was stymied by British imperial power int eh Middle East. Hence the final solution was not the only solution, just the final one. Previous solutions had been mass Jewish emigration. But the Zionist movement got what they want. From a paltry 2% of the Jewish population in Germany to a mass movement, Hitler scared the Jews to such an extent that a formerly assimilated Jewish population suddenly became nationalist and themselves created a colonial state in the Middle East. In other words, Zionism could never have existed without Hitler. Therefore, Hitler is the founder of the Israeli state in more than one way. Bibliography Black, Edwin. The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine. Carol and Graf Publishers. Cain, Peter (2001). Imperialism: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Taylor and Francis. Chesneaux, J. et al (1977). China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution. Harvester Press. Hobhouse, Leonard (1967). Liberalism. Oxford University Press. Kershaw, Ian (1993). Hitler, 1889-1936, Hubris. WW Norton. Korniki, Peter (1998). Meiji Japan: Political, Economic and Social History. 1868-1912. Routledge. Wrigley, Chris. (1993). The Challenge of Labor: Central and Western Europe 1917-1920. Routledge.

Rain Man the Movie

Rain Man is a movie directed by Berry Levinson. The movie won best picture in 1988. This movie is about a man Charlie Babbitt, played by Tom Cruise. In the beginning of the movie Charlie suddenly learns of his estranged and wealthy father’s death. After the funeral, Charlie is read his father’s last will and testament. He then finds out that he is not to be included in the estates finances. This news is somewhat disturbing to Charlie. He questions the lawyer to find out who the money has been left too. Charlie finds out that the three million dollars had been left to an un-named trustee.Charlie is determined to find out who this unnamed trustee is, and why his father would leave so much money to him. Through some digging Charlie finds that the trustee is a man that lives at a mental institution. Charlie goes there to check out the institution and ask questions. At the institution Charlie runs into his long lost autistic and institutionalized brother. It takes him awhile to put the pieces of the puzzle together because Charlie was never told that he had a brother. Charlie is still angry about not inheriting his father’s money, and is very confused about the news of having an autistic brother.Charlie decides to take his brother away from the institution, and back with him to Los Angeles. The news of having a brother is a big shock to Charlie, the fact that his brother has autism is very difficult for Charlie to deal with. Charlie’s brothers name is Raymond Babbitt he is played by Dustin Hoffman. Raymond is not allowed to leave the institution for longer than two hours, so it takes some manipulation on Charlie’s part to finally convince Ray to go with him to Los Angeles on this lengthy cross country road trip. Charlie had to promise Ray that he would take him to a major league baseball game.During the excursion Charlie slowly learns more about Raymond’s condition. It’s very challenging for both of them along the way . Charlie slowly learns how to adjust to all of Raymond’s autistic ways. Ray always likes to eat at the same time every day and gets very upset and nervous if anything is altered from his normal routine. He has certain menus he follows for each day of the week and any variation in these menus seems tragic to him. Ray also followed a strict television routine. He always watches the same programs every day. Ray would drive Charlie crazy by always repeating things, and insisting on only shopping at K-Mart.Along the way Charlie realizes that Raymond has a gift to memorize and count things with great accuracy. To Charlie’s downfall he ends up taking him to Las Vegas to count cards at the black jack tables at Caesars Palace casino. Although at first Charlie was concerned mostly about the money, he does establish a very strong bond with his brother and decides that he wants him to live with him in Los Angeles. The doctors on the other hand want Raymond to come back to the ins titution to live. It is unclear if the doctor’s motives are the money, or if they truly care for this patient.They have a custody hearing to determine where Raymond will live. The doctor at the institution meets up with Charlie to try to buy him off with money, but Charlie refuses, it is no longer an issue of money for him he just wants to be with his brother. The following day they go to the custody hearing. Even though it had appeared as though Raymond had made great improvements while in the care of his brother Raymond was unable to show the psychiatrist and doctor this because he became too nervous. It appears as though he was no different than he was when he left the institution.The decision was made that Raymond would return to the institution to live. Charlie puts Raymond on a train back to the institution with a promise that he will be coming to visit him in two weeks. The movie ends with Raymond counting down the days until Charlie’s visit. He is counting how many days, weeks, minutes, and even the exact seconds it will be until he will get to see his little brother again. Levinson, B. (1988) Autism is a challenging disorder. It causes massive amounts of stress on families. Autism disorder tends to causes a lot of stress on parents, siblings, and caregivers alike.Raising a child with autism usually causes more stress on a parent than mental retardation does due to the lack of interpersonal responsiveness associated with autism. Hoppes and Harris (1990). It is such a commonly known disorder for children to be diagnosed with that it scares new moms who are constantly looking for those red flags. If a child has a speech delay then parents often become concerned about a diagnosis of autism. It will lead parents to have their children tested when sometimes there is no reason for them to be concerned.Pediatrician’s offices usually have tons of useful information pertaining to identifying symptoms of autism disorder. Some symptoms includ e but are not limited to violent temper tantrums, they can appear to be deaf at times but not at others, or not respond when their own name is called. Most often autism is recognized by a delay in language skill or even a regression of skills such as social or communication. Autism affects each individual differently, some cases can be very mild and some can be more severe. Parker and Parker (2002) often parents become aware that something is not right as early as infancy.Sometimes it can take as long as three years of age before they notice something is wrong. It really depends on the severity. Patients with autism will or can show signs of communication problems, difficulty relating to people, difficulty to changes, and repetitive body movements ex: repetitive rocking. Children with autism usually do not like a lot of physical contact; they often do not like to even be held by their own parents. It is noted that adults with autism usually find looking people directly in the eye to be a problem, even people that they may know very well.Many people with autism never learn to speak. Parker and Parker (2002) For years Scientist research to find a cure, but for now no one even knows exactly what causes autism. It is estimated that somewhere between three to nine percent of the population of the United States has been diagnosed with this disorder. Boys seem to be more likely to get it than girls are by a ratio of 2. 5 to four. Studies seem to show that genetics play a big role as siblings seem to be two hundred times more likely to get this disorder than the general population.Piotrowski (2005). Yet over the years there have been many speculations, news stories and several documentaries on how vaccinations are the main cause of autism, as of yet there has been no scientific proof that this is true Parker and Parker (2002). There are also rumors of lead and mercury being a culprit although I was not able to find a documented source on this that I could cite. There are many people who feel that if they feed their children a certain diet plan that it will help their children’s symptoms, again these are not scientifically documented.The main fact here is that there is no cure for autism, but there are treatment options available. The earlier the treatment is started the better chance the patient and families will have at a possibly of living a near-normal life. Usually it is recommended to start treatment before age two. Examples of treatment options are Individualized Education Programs, Comprehensive Treatment Programs, Applied Behavior Analysis, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support, and certain types of medications. Parker and Parker (2002) Autism is a challenging disorder. It causes massive amounts of stress on families. Through further education and treatment autism does not have to be a crippling disease, it can be managed with proper treatment and care.References Berkell Zager, D. (1999). Autism: Identification, Education, and Treatment. Mahwah,NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 17 Parker, J. & Parker, P. (2002). Official Parent’s Sourcebook on Autism. San Diego, CA Icon Health Publications, 10-25 Piotrowski, N. (2005). Psychology Basics. Hackensack, NJ Salem Press, 121-126 Johnson, M. (Producer), & Levinson, B. (Director). (1988). Rain Man [Motion picture]. United States: Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios Inc.

Sydney Harbour Bridge

Australia is known all over the globe for several reasons. The natural beauties of the country and the wild life are always on the top of the list. But when thinking about Australia there are two super structures that come to mind, The Sydney Opera House and The Sydney Harbour Bridge. In this short report it can be found small history along with a short description about the Sydney Bridge.II. Main Body II. 1 History The first plans to build a bridge actually goes back to year of 1815, but it wasn’t until 1922, after being delayed manly because of the WWI, that the parliament approved the laws for the construction of this massive structure. The actual work didn’t begin until 1924 and took 8 years, a 1400 men work force, and several tragic accidents to finally finish it (Australian Government).The official opening ceremony was on 19 March 1932, were the Premier of New South Wales was supposed to cut the ribbon, but a man in military clothe riding a horse, slash the ribbon before the ceremony began, declaring the bridge opened in the name of the people of Australia. II. 2 Description Also known as the â€Å"Coathanger† by many residents of the city of Sydney, the Harbour Bridge is, until the date, the world’s largest, but not longest steel arch bridge.This 53,000 tons structure is located in the Sydney Harbor, uniting the Central Business District (or CBD) at Dawes Point with the commercial and residential areas in the North Shore at Milsons Point (Wikipedia 2010). The bridge is about 500 meters long. Today carries eight traffic lanes, two rail lines, one in each direction, a pedestrian pathway on the eastern side and a cycleway on the western side of the bridge. The arch summit is about 135 meters above the average harbour water level. There are four pylons at each end of the arch that weren’t part of the initial design and they don’t actually fulfil any structural purpose.These structures were added latter on to improve the appearance of the bridge, but now they were all put into use, the most famous being the one located in the south east of the bridge. This particular pylon now holds a three stories museum with the bridge history (Wikipedia 2010). III. Conclusion As can be seen the Sydney Harbour Bridge not only works as a mean to cross the harbour in a more efficient way, but it has become one of the most important landmarks of Australia, thanks to its architecture, beautiful views and tourist attractions.It doesn’t matter if you’ve been there or not, when somebody talks about Sydney, is almost inevitable but to think about this structure. ?IV. Bibliography Wikipedia 2010, Sydney Harbour Bridge, viewed 2 December 2010,   http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge